<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Eurázsiai Jegyzetek]]></title><description><![CDATA[Oroszországgal és a poszt szovjet eurázsiával kapcsolatos blog.

]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CJN5!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Feurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com%2Fimg%2Fsubstack.png</url><title>Eurázsiai Jegyzetek</title><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 30 May 2026 16:02:17 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[eurazsiaijegyzetek@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[eurazsiaijegyzetek@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[eurazsiaijegyzetek@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[eurazsiaijegyzetek@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Így veszíti el Oroszország a birodalmát III. / How Russia Is Losing Its Empire - Part 3.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Neh&#233;zs&#233;gek Afrik&#225;ban / Hardships in Africa]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/igy-vesziti-el-oroszorszag-a-birodalmat-3e0</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/igy-vesziti-el-oroszorszag-a-birodalmat-3e0</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 14:25:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>(See English below)</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Amikor 2026. &#225;prilis 25-&#233;n a reggeli &#243;r&#225;kban fegyveres csoportok egyidej&#369;leg t&#225;madtak meg t&#246;bb mali v&#225;rost, sokan azt hitt&#233;k, &#250;jabb, elszigetelt felkel&#337;i akci&#243;t l&#225;tnak. Kidal eleste, a v&#233;delmi miniszter hal&#225;la &#233;s a Bamak&#243; teljes ostrom&#225;t bejelent&#337; &#252;zenet egy&#252;ttv&#233;ve azonban olyasmit mutatott, ami Moszkva sz&#225;m&#225;ra &#233;vek &#243;ta az egyik legnagyobb kih&#237;v&#225;st jelenti Afrik&#225;ban &#8211; &#233;s amit az orosz m&#243;dszerek &#233;s hozz&#225;&#225;ll&#225;s miatt sokan m&#225;r &#233;v elej&#233;n is el&#337;rejeleztek.</p><h3><em><strong>Mi&#233;rt ment Oroszorsz&#225;g Afrik&#225;ba?</strong></em></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Az egyszer&#369; v&#225;lasz az, hogy p&#233;nz&#233;rt &#233;s befoly&#225;s&#233;rt. A teljes k&#233;p enn&#233;l nyilv&#225;n &#246;sszetettebb.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png" width="1120" height="896" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:896,&quot;width&quot;:1120,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1872488,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/i/196314649?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1gxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1b8776-e65d-49a7-87d1-45a99bc6a7b5_1120x896.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Oroszorsz&#225;g az ukrajnai h&#225;bor&#250; megind&#237;t&#225;sa &#243;ta s&#250;lyos nyugati szankci&#243;k alatt &#233;l. Arany, gy&#233;m&#225;nt, ur&#225;n, l&#237;tium &#8211; ezek az &#225;sv&#225;nykincsek seg&#237;tenek &#233;letben tartani az orosz gazdas&#225;got, &#233;s Afrika b&#337;velkedik mindegyikb&#337;l. A K&#246;z&#233;p-Afrikai K&#246;zt&#225;rsas&#225;gban az orosz Wagner-csoport egyenesen az aranyb&#225;ny&#225;k kitermel&#233;si jog&#225;t kapta cser&#233;be a katonai v&#233;delem&#233;rt &#8211; 2022-ben ez egyetlen esztend&#337;ben 2,5 milli&#225;rd doll&#225;r bev&#233;telt termelt Moszkv&#225;nak.</p><p><em><strong>Az orosz modell l&#233;nyege egyszer&#369; volt: v&#233;delmet adunk a rezsimnek, ti b&#225;ny&#225;sztok &#233;s a bev&#233;telb&#337;l mi finansz&#237;rozzuk az ukrajnai h&#225;bor&#250;t.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A p&#233;nz&#252;gyi mot&#237;vum mellett strat&#233;giai &#233;rvek is sz&#243;ltak a beavatkoz&#225;s mellett. Az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok &#233;s Eur&#243;pa elszigetelni pr&#243;b&#225;lta Oroszorsz&#225;got a 2022-es inv&#225;zi&#243; ut&#225;n. Afrika &#8211; ahol az ENSZ-szavaz&#225;sokon sok orsz&#225;g tart&#243;zkodott az Oroszorsz&#225;got el&#237;t&#233;l&#337; hat&#225;rozatokn&#225;l &#8211; &#233;rt&#233;kes diplom&#225;ciai t&#337;k&#233;t jelentett, ahol nagyban lehetett &#233;p&#237;teni a szovjet dekoloniz&#225;ci&#243;s tekint&#233;lyre. Ha Moszkva afrikai orsz&#225;gokkal tart fenn akt&#237;v v&#233;delmi kapcsolatot, az azt &#252;zeni a vil&#225;gnak, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g nem elszigetelt, hanem tov&#225;bbra is glob&#225;lis hatalom.</p><h3><em><strong>A Wagner &#233;s az Africa Corps &#8211; hogyan &#233;p&#252;l egy &#225;rny&#233;kbirodalom?</strong></em></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">A Wagner els&#337; afrikai megb&#237;z&#225;sait 2017-ben kapta a K&#246;z&#233;p-Afrikai K&#246;zt&#225;rsas&#225;gban. A m&#243;dszer az&#243;ta sem v&#225;ltozott l&#233;nyegesen. A csoport bement egy megrend&#252;lt rezsimhez, felaj&#225;nlotta a vezet&#337; szem&#233;lyes v&#233;delm&#233;t, majd fokozatosan kiszor&#237;totta a helyi biztons&#225;gi er&#337;kb&#337;l a t&#246;bbi k&#252;lf&#246;ldi szerepl&#337;t &#233;s megkapta a b&#225;nya- vagy er&#337;forr&#225;skitermel&#233;si enged&#233;lyeket.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L&#237;bi&#225;ban a Wagner Haftar t&#225;bornokot t&#225;mogatta, h&#237;rszerz&#337;i tan&#225;csad&#225;ssal &#233;s m&#233;diakamp&#225;nyokkal. Szud&#225;nban egyszerre k&#233;pzett korm&#225;nycsapatokat &#233;s a vel&#252;k szemben &#225;ll&#243; f&#233;lkatonai er&#337;ket. Am&#237;g a p&#233;nz j&#246;tt a Wagner nem volt v&#225;logat&#243;s. Maliban a 2021-es puccs ut&#225;n &#233;rkezett az els&#337; kontingens&#252;k &#233;s gyorsan &#225;tvette a franci&#225;k hely&#233;t a terrorizmusellenes m&#369;veletekben.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ezut&#225;n a Wagner vez&#233;re, Jevgenyij Prigozsin 2023 j&#250;nius&#225;ban r&#246;vid &#233;let&#369; l&#225;zad&#225;st ind&#237;tott Moszkva ellen &#8211; p&#225;nc&#233;losokat k&#252;ld&#246;tt a f&#337;v&#225;ros fel&#233;, miel&#337;tt visszafordult. K&#233;t h&#243;nappal k&#233;s&#337;bb rejt&#233;lyes k&#246;r&#252;lm&#233;nyek k&#246;z&#246;tt halt meg Moszkva k&#246;zel&#233;ben. A Wagnert ezut&#225;n feloszlatt&#225;k &#233;s az &#8220;Africa Corps&#8221; nev&#369; szervezetbe szervezt&#233;k &#225;t, amely imm&#225;r k&#246;zvetlen&#252;l az orosz v&#233;delmi miniszt&#233;rium al&#225;rendelts&#233;g&#233;be tartozik.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A v&#225;lt&#225;s pap&#237;ron rendezettnek t&#369;nhet, &#225;m a val&#243;s&#225;gban az Africa Corps az &#246;r&#246;k&#246;lt probl&#233;m&#225;k mellett &#250;j korl&#225;tokat is kapott. A d&#246;nt&#233;shozatal a miniszt&#233;rium alatt b&#252;rokratikusabb, kev&#233;sb&#233; rugalmas a parancsnoki l&#225;nc &#233;s a szem&#233;lyi &#225;llom&#225;ny, ugyan ex-Wagner katon&#225;kb&#243;l &#225;ll, de m&#225;r nem Prigozsin szem&#233;lyes karizmatikus ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;sa alatt.</p><h3><em><strong>Az oroszok a Sz&#225;helben</strong></em></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Afrika Sz&#225;hel-&#246;vezete egy hatalmas, sz&#225;raz s&#225;vot jelent a Szahar&#225;t&#243;l d&#233;lre, amely Szeneg&#225;lt&#243;l Cs&#225;don &#225;t Szud&#225;nig h&#250;z&#243;dik. Ez az &#246;vezet az elm&#250;lt &#233;vtizedben a vil&#225;g egyik legvesz&#233;lyesebb r&#233;gi&#243;j&#225;v&#225; v&#225;lt: dzsih&#225;dista csoportok, etnikai konfliktusok, &#233;h&#237;ns&#233;g &#233;s sorozatos katonai puccsok szabdalt&#225;k sz&#233;t a kor&#225;bban is t&#246;r&#233;keny &#225;llamokat.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mali, Burkina Faso &#233;s Niger puccskorm&#225;nyai &#8211; egym&#225;s ut&#225;n 2020 &#233;s 2023 k&#246;z&#246;tt &#8211; n&#233;h&#225;ny hasonl&#243; d&#246;nt&#233;st hoztak. Egyr&#233;szt elk&#252;ldt&#233;k a francia &#233;s az ENSZ csapatokat &#233;s az orosz er&#337;kh&#246;z fordultak. A l&#233;p&#233;s m&#246;g&#246;tt val&#243;di n&#233;pakarat is felfedezhet&#337; &#8211; Franciaorsz&#225;g &#233;vtizedekig gyarmattart&#243; volt ezekben az orsz&#225;gokban &#233;s a katonai jelenl&#233;te sokak szem&#233;ben nem seg&#237;ts&#233;get, hanem megal&#225;ztat&#225;st jelk&#233;pezett. Az oroszok ezt a hangulatot nagyon tudatosan &#233;s &#252;gyesen lovagolt&#225;k meg. &#211;ri&#225;si k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gi m&#233;dia kamp&#225;nyokkal, fizetett befoly&#225;sol&#243;kkal &#233;s utcai t&#252;ntet&#233;sek szervez&#233;s&#233;vel ford&#237;tott&#225;k a k&#246;zv&#233;lem&#233;nyt P&#225;rizs ellen, miel&#337;tt egyetlen katon&#225;t is k&#252;ldtek volna.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az oroszok azonban ugyanazokat a hib&#225;kat k&#246;vett&#233;k el, s&#337;t bizonyos szempontb&#243;l m&#233;g rosszabb is, amit csin&#225;ltak, mint a franci&#225;k. Az eredm&#233;ny megd&#246;bbent&#337;. Burkina Faso 2025-ben a vil&#225;g egyik legrosszabb terrorizmusmutat&#243;j&#225;val rendelkez&#337; orsz&#225;ga lett az Africa Corps jelenl&#233;te ellen&#233;re &#233;s r&#233;szben lehet, hogy &#233;ppen miatta. Az orosz er&#337;k brut&#225;lis m&#243;dszerei &#8211; kiv&#233;gz&#233;sek, er&#337;szak a civilek ellen, falvak elpuszt&#237;t&#225;sa &#8211; egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem stabiliz&#225;lt&#225;k a helyzetet, hanem &#250;j toborz&#225;si alapokat biztos&#237;tottak a dzsih&#225;dist&#225;knak &#233;s m&#225;s l&#225;zad&#243;i csoportoknak.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mali sem j&#225;rt jobban. Az orosz er&#337;k 2023-ban elfoglalt&#225;k Kidalt, a tuareg felkel&#337;k kor&#225;bbi fellegv&#225;r&#225;t &#8211; ez volt a nagy gy&#337;zelem, amellyel Moszkva igazolta, hogy &#233;rdemes vel&#252;k dolgozni. Azt&#225;n j&#246;tt 2026 &#225;prilisa.</p><h3><em><strong>Kidal elesik &#8211; &#233;s vele Moszkva afrikai narrat&#237;v&#225;ja</strong></em></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">2026. &#225;prilis 25-&#233;n hajnalban a JNIM &#8211; az al-Kaid&#225;hoz k&#246;t&#337;d&#337; legnagyobb sz&#225;heli dzsih&#225;dista szervezet &#8211; &#233;s a tuareg Azawad Felszabad&#237;t&#225;si Front k&#246;z&#246;s offenz&#237;v&#225;t ind&#237;tott Mali t&#246;bb v&#225;ros&#225;ban egyszerre. Kidal, Gao, S&#233;var&#233; &#233;s Kati egyszerre volt c&#233;lpont, mik&#246;zben Bamak&#243;ban is l&#337;ttek.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az orosz &#233;s mali er&#337;k nem sz&#225;m&#237;tottak ilyen m&#233;ret&#369; &#233;s ennyire &#246;sszehangolt t&#225;mad&#225;sra. Egy mali vezet&#337; tisztvisel&#337; k&#233;s&#337;bb elmondta, hogy a kidali region&#225;lis korm&#225;nyz&#243; h&#225;rom nappal kor&#225;bban figyelmeztette az Africa Corps parancsnoks&#225;g&#225;t &#225;m azok semmit sem tettek. Kidal elesett. A v&#233;delmi miniszter, Sadio Camara &#8211; aki szem&#233;lyesen &#233;p&#237;tette fel az orosz&#8211;mali katonai egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;st &#8211; meghalt a harcokban.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az Africa Corps egys&#233;gei t&#225;rgyal&#225;sokba kezdtek, alg&#233;riai k&#246;zvet&#237;t&#233;ssel kivonul&#225;si folyos&#243;t k&#233;rtek &#233;s elhagyt&#225;k a v&#225;rost. Maguk m&#246;g&#246;tt hagytak tankokat, p&#225;nc&#233;lozott j&#225;rm&#369;veket, egy teljes dr&#243;nt&#225;maszpontot &#233;s felszerel&#233;s-rakt&#225;rakat.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A JNIM sz&#243;viv&#337;je ezut&#225;n bejelentette a mali f&#337;v&#225;ros Bamak&#243; ostrom&#225;t &#233;s figyelmeztette a civileket, hogy ne ker&#252;ljenek a hadsereg &#233;s a harcosok k&#246;z&#233;. Assimi Goita mali vezet&#337; &#8211; akinek szem&#233;lyes biztons&#225;g&#225;t r&#233;szben az Africa Corps szavatolja &#8211; csak napokkal k&#233;s&#337;bb jelent meg nyilv&#225;nosan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az Africa Corps saj&#225;t nyilatkozat&#225;ban azt &#225;ll&#237;totta, hogy a kivonul&#225;st k&#246;z&#246;sen d&#246;nt&#246;tte el a mali f&#233;llel, &#233;s hogy 10-12 ezer f&#337;s ellens&#233;ges er&#337;vel &#225;lltak szemben, k&#246;zt&#252;k ukr&#225;n &#233;s eur&#243;pai zsoldosokkal. Ezt egyetlen f&#252;ggetlen forr&#225;s sem er&#337;s&#237;tette meg.</p><h3><em><strong>Kik l&#233;pnek be az &#252;ress&#233;gbe? Az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok, K&#237;na &#233;s T&#246;r&#246;korsz&#225;g versenyfut&#225;sa</strong></em></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Ha Moszkva megbotlik, m&#225;sok l&#233;pnek. Afrik&#225;ban most ez t&#246;rt&#233;nik &#233;s az orosz preszt&#237;zsvesztes&#233;g egyszerre nyit teret az USA-nak &#233;s T&#246;r&#246;korsz&#225;gnak is.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>T&#246;r&#246;korsz&#225;g </strong>az elm&#250;lt n&#233;h&#225;ny &#233;vben saj&#225;tos poz&#237;ci&#243;t &#233;p&#237;tett ki mag&#225;nak a Sz&#225;helben. Ankara nem k&#252;ld zsoldosokat, nem k&#233;r b&#225;nyakoncesszi&#243;t &#233;s nem &#237;g&#233;r rendet. Ehelyett technikailag meghaladott, &#225;m l&#225;zad&#243; er&#337;k ellen nagy sikerrel haszn&#225;lhat&#243; dr&#243;nokat, fejlett h&#237;rszerz&#233;si &#233;s technikai seg&#237;ts&#233;get &#233;s instrukt&#337;r&#246;ket k&#237;n&#225;l. Mali, Burkina Faso &#233;s Niger egyar&#225;nt v&#225;s&#225;rolt Bayraktar dr&#243;nokat. Ankara mag&#225;t &#8222;harmadik &#250;tk&#233;nt&#8221; pozicion&#225;lja: sem nyugati demokratikus felt&#233;telrendszer, sem orosz b&#225;nyakoncesszi&#243;k. Ez az aj&#225;nlat vonz&#243;. A sz&#225;heli junt&#225;k pontosan azt kapj&#225;k, amit akarnak, azaz fegyvert, amelyet saj&#225;t maguk kezelnek &#233;s f&#252;ggetlens&#233;get, amelyet demonstr&#225;lhatnak. A t&#246;r&#246;k modell nem j&#225;r a Wagner-t&#237;pus&#250; jelenl&#233;tt&#337;l elmaradhatatlan, a k&#246;zv&#233;lem&#233;ny el&#337;tt nehezen tagadhat&#243; atrocit&#225;sokkal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Az USA Afrika politik&#225;ja most</strong> &#243;vatosabb &#233;s ellentmond&#225;sosabb. Washington 2024-ben kivonult Nigerb&#337;l, miut&#225;n a junta felsz&#243;l&#237;totta az amerikai csapatokat a t&#225;voz&#225;sra &#8211; &#233;s a 110 milli&#243; doll&#225;rba ker&#252;l&#337; b&#225;zist maguk m&#246;g&#246;tt hagyt&#225;k. Cs&#225;db&#243;l szint&#233;n ki kellett vonulniuk, majd 2025 szeptember&#233;ben visszat&#233;rhettek. A Trump-adminisztr&#225;ci&#243; Afrika-politik&#225;ja nem annyira ideol&#243;giai, mint ink&#225;bb nyersanyag-&#233;rdekeken alapul (arany, ur&#225;n, l&#237;tium). Ez n&#233;mik&#233;pp a kritikusok szerint az orosz modellt id&#233;zi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az elt&#233;r&#233;s azonban l&#233;nyeges. Washington hossz&#250; ideje rendelkezik terrorizmusellenes egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;si programokkal, sokkal jobb h&#237;rszerz&#233;si infrastrukt&#250;r&#225;val, mint Moszkva &#233;s kik&#233;pz&#233;si tapasztalattal, amelyek az afrikai partner&#225;llamokban m&#233;lyen gy&#246;kereznek. A tengerparti nyugat-afrikai &#225;llamok (Benin, Gh&#225;na, Nig&#233;ria) is nyitottak maradnak a nyugati egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;sre &#233;s egyfajta t&#369;zfalat k&#233;peznek az orosz befoly&#225;s terjed&#233;s&#233;vel szemben.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ek&#246;zben az elm&#250;lt &#233;vekben messze K&#237;na v&#225;lt a szubszaharai Afrika legnagyobb fegyverkeresked&#337;j&#233;v&#233;, Oroszorsz&#225;g hely&#233;re l&#233;pve, mivel megfizethet&#337;, gyorsan lesz&#225;ll&#237;tott &#233;s gyakran kevesebb politikai felt&#233;telhez k&#246;t&#246;tt katonai felszerel&#233;st biztos&#237;t. Az afrikai hadseregek mintegy 70 sz&#225;zal&#233;ka haszn&#225;l k&#237;nai p&#225;nc&#233;lozott j&#225;rm&#369;veket. Peking jelent&#337;s &#252;zletek k&#246;t&#246;tt Nig&#233;ri&#225;ban, Maliban &#233;s Szud&#225;nban.</p><h3><em><strong>Mi j&#246;n ezut&#225;n?</strong></em></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Oroszorsz&#225;g afrikai jelenl&#233;te nem &#233;r v&#233;get egyik napr&#243;l a m&#225;sikra. Az Africa Corps Bamak&#243;ban marad, legal&#225;bbis egyel&#337;re. L&#237;bi&#225;ban, a K&#246;z&#233;p-Afrikai K&#246;zt&#225;rsas&#225;gban, Egyenl&#237;t&#337;i-Guine&#225;ban, Burkina Faso-ban &#233;s Nigerben is van orosz jelenl&#233;t. Moszkva egyel&#337;re nem vonul vissza.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A val&#243;di k&#233;rd&#233;s az, hogy meddig &#233;ri meg kitartani. Az ukr&#225;n h&#225;bor&#250; folyamatos er&#337;forr&#225;sig&#233;nye, a szankci&#243;kkal terhelt orosz gazdas&#225;g &#233;s az afrikai b&#225;ny&#225;kb&#243;l szerzett bev&#233;telek cs&#246;kken&#337; megt&#233;r&#252;l&#233;se egy&#252;tt szor&#237;tja &#246;ssze azt a mozg&#225;steret, amellyel Moszkva az afrikai k&#246;telezetts&#233;gv&#225;llal&#225;sait finansz&#237;rozhatja. Ahogy a nyolcvanas &#233;vekben az afganiszt&#225;ni vesztes&#233;gek a szovjet afrikai jelenl&#233;t visszaszorul&#225;s&#225;hoz vezettek, most Ukrajna t&#246;ltheti be ugyanezt a szerepet.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A kidali visszavonul&#225;s nyilv&#225;n nem &#246;nmag&#225;ban d&#246;nti el Oroszorsz&#225;g afrikai sors&#225;t, de megv&#225;ltoztatta az egyenletet. A sz&#225;heli junt&#225;k, amelyek az orosz partnert az egyetlen j&#225;rhat&#243; &#250;tk&#233;nt mutatt&#225;k be saj&#225;t n&#233;p&#252;knek, most magyar&#225;zattal tartoznak. A dzsih&#225;dist&#225;k megmutatt&#225;k, hogy az Africa Corps legy&#337;zhet&#337;. T&#246;r&#246;korsz&#225;g, K&#237;na &#233;s az USA mutatja, hogy van alternat&#237;va.</p><p><em><strong>Afrika nem az orosz birodalom v&#233;g&#225;llom&#225;sa &#8211; csak egy helysz&#237;n, ahol a birodalom t&#250;lterjeszked&#233;se &#233;s fogy&#225;sa j&#243;l tetten&#233;rhet&#337;.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az, hogy ki t&#246;lti be a keletkez&#337; &#369;rt, m&#233;g nem eld&#246;nt&#246;tt k&#233;rd&#233;s. Addig is Bamak&#243; utc&#225;in f&#252;st gomolyog &#233;s az Africa Corps majd sajt&#243;k&#246;zlem&#233;nyeket ad ki arr&#243;l, hogy minden a tervek szerint halad, ha pedig nem az a neml&#233;tez&#337;, dzsihadist&#225;knak dolgoz&#243; nyugati &#233;s ukr&#225;n zsoldosok hib&#225;ja.</p><p>Felhaszn&#225;lt irodalom</p><p>Why Russia Is Losing the Sahel. Moscow&#8217;s Missteps Offer a Warning&#8212;and an Opening&#8212;for Washington <a href="https://archive.md/IeUma#selection-1109.1-1113.63">https://archive.md/IeUma#selection-1109.1-1113.63</a></p><p>With Russia Focused on War, China Increases Arms Sales to Africa <a href="https://adf-magazine.com/2026/03/with-russia-focused-on-war-china-increases-arms-sales-to-africa/">https://adf-magazine.com/2026/03/with-russia-focused-on-war-china-increases-arms-sales-to-africa/</a></p><p>What role has Russia played in Mali&#8217;s security and the Sahel region? <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/29/what-role-has-russia-played-in-malis-security-and-the-sahel-region">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/29/what-role-has-russia-played-in-malis-security-and-the-sahel-region</a></p><p>Russia Hoped Africa Corps Would Replicate Wagner&#8217;s Success. It&#8217;s Not Going Well. <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-africa-corps-mali-withdrawal-wagner-mercenaries/33744461.html">https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-africa-corps-mali-withdrawal-wagner-mercenaries/33744461.html</a></p><p>The Waiting Game: Signposts of Russia&#8217;s Coming Failure in Africa <a href="https://smallwarsjournal.com/2026/01/01/the-waiting-game-signposts-of-russias-coming-failure-in-africa/">https://smallwarsjournal.com/2026/01/01/the-waiting-game-signposts-of-russias-coming-failure-in-africa/</a></p><p>Russian army present in six African countries: state TV <a href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2623012/world">https://www.arabnews.com/node/2623012/world</a></p><p></p><h3>ENGLISH</h3><p></p><p>How Russia Is Losing Its Empire III</p><p>Hardships in Africa</p><p>When, in the early hours of April 25, 2026, armed groups launched simultaneous attacks on several Malian towns, many believed they were witnessing yet another isolated insurgent operation. Taken together, however, the fall of Kidal, the death of the defence minister, and the message announcing the full siege of Bamako pointed to something that has for years been one of Moscow&#8217;s greatest challenges in Africa &#8212; and something many had already predicted at the beginning of the year because of Russian methods and attitudes.</p><p>Why did Russia go to Africa?</p><p>The simple answer is: for money and influence. The full picture is, of course, more complex.</p><p>Since launching the war in Ukraine, Russia has lived under severe Western sanctions. Gold, diamonds, uranium, lithium &#8212; these mineral resources help keep the Russian economy alive, and Africa is rich in all of them. In the Central African Republic, the Russian Wagner Group was granted outright extraction rights to gold mines in exchange for military protection. In 2022, this generated $2.5 billion in revenue for Moscow in a single year.</p><p>The essence of the Russian model was simple: we provide protection for the regime, you mine, and from the proceeds we finance the war in Ukraine.</p><p>Alongside the financial motive, there were also strategic arguments in favour of intervention. The United States and Europe tried to isolate Russia after the 2022 invasion. Africa &#8212; where many countries abstained in UN votes on resolutions condemning Russia &#8212; represented valuable diplomatic capital, especially as Moscow could draw heavily on the Soviet Union&#8217;s anti-colonial prestige. If Moscow maintains active defence ties with African countries, it sends a message to the world that Russia is isolated no longer and remains a global power.</p><p>Wagner and the Africa Corps &#8212; how is a shadow empire built?</p><p>Wagner received its first African assignments in 2017 in the Central African Republic. Its method has changed little since then. The group entered a shaken regime, offered personal protection to the leader, then gradually pushed other foreign actors out of the local security apparatus and obtained mining or resource-extraction permits.</p><p>In Libya, Wagner supported General Haftar with intelligence advice and media campaigns. In Sudan, it trained government troops and the paramilitary forces fighting against them at the same time. As long as the money kept coming, Wagner was not choosy. In Mali, its first contingent arrived after the 2021 coup and quickly took over France&#8217;s place in counterterrorism operations.</p><p>Then, in June 2023, Wagner&#8217;s leader, Yevgeny Prigozhin, launched a short-lived rebellion against Moscow &#8212; sending armoured vehicles toward the capital before turning back. Two months later, he died in a plane crash that almost everyone regards as an assassination. Wagner was subsequently dissolved and reorganized into an entity called the Africa Corps, now directly subordinated to the Russian Ministry of Defence.</p><p>On paper, the transition may appear orderly. In reality, the Africa Corps inherited the old problems and acquired new limitations as well. Decision-making under the ministry is more bureaucratic, the chain of command is less flexible, and although the personnel consists of former Wagner fighters, they are no longer under Prigozhin&#8217;s personal, charismatic leadership.</p><p>The Russians in the Sahel</p><p>Africa&#8217;s Sahel region is a vast, arid belt south of the Sahara, stretching from Senegal through Chad to Sudan. Over the past decade, this zone has become one of the most dangerous regions in the world: jihadist groups, ethnic conflicts, famine, and successive military coups have torn apart states that had already been fragile.</p><p>The coup governments of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger &#8212; one after another between 2020 and 2023 &#8212; made several similar decisions. First, they expelled French and UN troops and turned to Russian forces. Behind this move, genuine popular will can also be discerned. France had been the colonial power in these countries for decades, and in the eyes of many, its military presence symbolized humiliation more than assistance. The Russians exploited this mood very consciously and skilfully. Through massive social media campaigns, paid influencers, and the organization of street demonstrations, they turned public opinion against Paris before sending even a single soldier.</p><p>The Russians, however, repeated the same mistakes as the French; in some respects, what they did was even worse. The result is shocking. In 2025, Burkina Faso became one of the countries with the worst terrorism indicators in the world, despite the presence of the Africa Corps &#8212; and possibly, in part, because of it. The brutal methods of Russian forces &#8212; executions, violence against civilians, the destruction of villages &#8212; did not stabilize the situation at all. They created new recruitment grounds for jihadists and other rebel groups.</p><p>Mali fared no better. In 2023, Russian forces captured Kidal, the former stronghold of the Tuareg rebels. This was the great victory with which Moscow sought to prove that it was worth working with them. Then came April 2026.</p><p>Kidal Falls &#8212; and with It Moscow&#8217;s African Narrative</p><p>At dawn on April 25, 2026, JNIM &#8212; the largest al-Qaeda-linked jihadist organization in the Sahel &#8212; and the Tuareg Azawad Liberation Front launched a joint offensive against several Malian cities at once. Kidal, Gao, S&#233;var&#233;, and Kati were all targeted simultaneously, while gunfire was also reported in Bamako.</p><p>Russian and Malian forces had not expected an attack of this scale or coordination. A senior Malian official later said that the regional governor of Kidal had warned the Africa Corps command three days earlier, yet they did nothing. Kidal fell. The defence minister, Sadio Camara &#8212; who had personally built the Russian&#8211;Malian military partnership &#8212; was killed in the fighting.</p><p>Africa Corps units entered into negotiations, requested a withdrawal corridor through Algerian mediation, and left the city. They abandoned tanks, armoured vehicles, an entire drone base, and equipment depots.</p><p>The JNIM spokesman then announced the siege of Mali&#8217;s capital, Bamako, and warned civilians to stay clear of the army and the fighters. Mali&#8217;s leader, Assimi Go&#239;ta &#8212; whose personal security is partly guaranteed by the Africa Corps &#8212; appeared in public only days later.</p><p>In its own statement, the Africa Corps claimed that the withdrawal had been jointly decided with the Malian side, and that they had faced an enemy force of 10,000 to 12,000 fighters, including Ukrainian and European mercenaries. No independent source has confirmed this.</p><p>Who Steps into the Void? The Race between the United States, China, and Turkey</p><p>When Moscow stumbles, others move in. This is what is now happening in Africa, and Russia&#8217;s loss of prestige is opening space for both the United States and Turkey.</p><p>Over the past few years, Turkey has built a distinctive position for itself in the Sahel. Ankara does not send mercenaries, does not demand mining concessions, and does not promise order. Instead, it offers drones that may be technologically surpassed, yet remain highly effective against insurgent forces, together with advanced intelligence and technical assistance, as well as instructors. Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have all purchased Bayraktar drones.</p><p>Ankara positions itself as a &#8220;third way&#8221;: neither Western democratic conditionality nor Russian mining concessions. This offer is attractive. The Sahelian juntas receive exactly what they want: weapons they can operate themselves and independence they can demonstrate. The Turkish model also avoids the atrocities that are inseparable from a Wagner-style presence and difficult to deny before public opinion.</p><p>US Africa policy is now more cautious and more contradictory. Washington withdrew from Niger in 2024 after the junta ordered American troops to leave &#8212; abandoning a base that had cost $110 million. US forces also had to withdraw from Chad, then were allowed to return in September 2025. The Trump administration&#8217;s Africa policy is less ideological than resource-driven, focused on gold, uranium, and lithium. According to critics, this somewhat resembles the Russian model.</p><p>The difference, however, is significant. Washington has long-standing counterterrorism cooperation programmes, far better intelligence infrastructure than Moscow, and training experience deeply rooted in African partner states. The coastal West African states &#8212; Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria &#8212; also remain open to Western cooperation and form a kind of firewall against the spread of Russian influence.</p><p>Meanwhile, in recent years China has become by far the largest arms supplier to Sub-Saharan Africa, replacing Russia by providing military equipment that is affordable, rapidly delivered, and often subject to fewer political conditions. Around 70 percent of African armies use Chinese armoured vehicles. Beijing has concluded major deals in Nigeria, Mali, and Sudan.</p><p>What Comes Next?</p><p>Russia&#8217;s presence in Africa will not end overnight. The Africa Corps remains in Bamako, at least for now. There is also a Russian presence in Libya, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Niger. Moscow is not withdrawing yet.</p><p>The real question is how long it will still be worth holding on. The constant resource demands of the war in Ukraine, the sanctions-burdened Russian economy, and the declining returns from revenues extracted from African mines are together narrowing the room for manoeuvre with which Moscow can finance its African commitments. Just as the losses in Afghanistan in the 1980s led to the contraction of the Soviet presence in Africa, Ukraine may now play the same role.</p><p>The withdrawal from Kidal obviously does not decide Russia&#8217;s African fate by itself, yet it has changed the equation. The Sahelian juntas, which presented the Russian partner to their own populations as the only viable path, now owe them an explanation. The jihadists have shown that the Africa Corps can be defeated. Turkey, China, and the United States are showing that alternatives exist.</p><p>Africa is not the final station of the Russian empire. It is merely one theatre where the empire&#8217;s overextension and erosion can be clearly observed.</p><p>Who will fill the emerging void remains undecided. In the meantime, smoke drifts through the streets of Bamako, and the Africa Corps will issue press releases claiming that everything is proceeding according to plan &#8212; and if it is not, the blame will fall on non-existent Western and Ukrainian mercenaries working for the jihadists.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[We Must Not Turn Our Backs on Central Asia / Nem szabad hátat fordítani Közép-Ázsiának]]></title><description><![CDATA[Opinion / V&#233;lem&#233;ny]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/we-must-not-turn-our-backs-on-central</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/we-must-not-turn-our-backs-on-central</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 15:03:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OFye!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa01975c3-0f3c-42ba-98b6-3cdc0e08776a_856x482.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>A cikk eredetije megjelent magyarul a <a href="https://hang.hu/kulfold/nem-szabad-hatat-forditani-kozep-azsianak-187797">Magyar Hangon</a>. / The original was published in the weekly Hungarian Voice.</em></p><p>Questions of early Hungarian history belong to historians, linguists, and archaeologists. It is nevertheless worth noting that while a French person sees no issue in the fact that the origins of their nation are rooted in a mixture of Celtic, Germanic, and Latin elements, in Hungary the discussion of such matters has degenerated into a form of political positioning&#8212;a development that, of course, did not begin today. The peculiar politicization of Hungarian origins is difficult to explain to a Russian, as Russian stereotypes tend to regard the Finns as pillars of wealth and culture, while Central Asians are often associated with backwardness in the Russian mindset. In other words, the picture in a Muscovite&#8217;s head is almost the reverse of that in a Hungarian&#8217;s.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OFye!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa01975c3-0f3c-42ba-98b6-3cdc0e08776a_856x482.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OFye!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa01975c3-0f3c-42ba-98b6-3cdc0e08776a_856x482.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OFye!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa01975c3-0f3c-42ba-98b6-3cdc0e08776a_856x482.webp 848w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Setting historical questions aside, strategic realities indicate that it is more than worthwhile to maintain&#8212;and even deepen&#8212;the relationships already established with Central Asian countries, and to preserve Hungary&#8217;s observer status in the Organization of Turkic States. By 2026, Central Asia is no longer merely Russia&#8217;s &#8220;backyard,&#8221; but an autonomous region gravitating toward China and functioning as a logistical hub.</p><p>As I have written previously, the pan-Turkic idea today represents, in part, a geopolitical integration effort that positions itself against&#8212;or seeks to counterbalance&#8212;Russian imperialism. I have also argued in <em>K&#252;lpologika</em> that, by exploiting Moscow&#8217;s current difficulties, these countries are doing everything they can to expand their room for maneuver, largely at the expense of Russian influence. The interests of the European Union&#8217;s eastern flank and the Organization of Turkic States&#8212;however unusual this may sound&#8212;partially overlap.</p><p>The Central Asian region as a whole recorded outstanding economic performance in 2025, with average GDP growth between 6&#8211;9%, which is expected to stabilize at around 5.2&#8211;5.6% in 2026. This significantly exceeds both global and European averages. The strategic importance of the Trans-Caspian route (the Middle Corridor) has increased dramatically due to sanctions on Russia. Over seven years, the volume of goods transported along this corridor has grown fivefold, reaching 4.5 million tons in 2025. The development of this route&#8217;s infrastructure is in the interest of Europe as a whole, as it enables the bypassing of Russia.</p><p>Naturally, the region is not without its problems. One could mention the growing exposure to China, challenges in oil transportation, or severe water shortages. These, however, are best understood as opportunities, revealing what we can offer&#8212;and what we can request in return.</p><p>It is, of course, necessary to review and, over time, rationalize the functioning of Hungary&#8217;s foreign policy apparatus in these countries. At the same time, it must be kept in mind that German and American capital is also seeking access to Central Asia. In this context, Hungary already possesses policy experience, substantial local knowledge, and access&#8212;through the Organization of Turkic States&#8212;to information that is genuinely unique.</p><p>A frequent opposition clich&#233; has been to describe the Orb&#225;n system as engaging with &#8220;Soviet Central Asia.&#8221; From a comparative political science perspective, this claim may not necessarily hold, though its proper evaluation belongs to political scientists. Let us set aside symbolic moments&#8212;such as when Viktor Orb&#225;n posed dressed as a nomadic warlord&#8212;and examine these relationships through the lens of strategic realities. It would be unwise to throw the baby out with the bathwater.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Védelmi imperializmus, belső gyarmatosítás, titkosszolgálati állam / Defensive Imperialism, Internal Colonization, Intelligence State]]></title><description><![CDATA[Oroszorsz&#225;g egyedis&#233;ge / The Uniqueness of Russia]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/vedelmi-imperializmus-belso-gyarmatositas</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/vedelmi-imperializmus-belso-gyarmatositas</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2026 12:08:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>(L&#225;sd magyarul lent.)</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">At the outset, I would note that I do not attach much weight to the popular assumption that Russia&#8217;s history cannot be understood within a European context. At the same time, each instance of a given historical process indeed possesses its own specific dimensions. There are numerous, more traditional and less scientific lines of reasoning that claim to explain Russia&#8217;s supposed uniqueness. Such examples include the Mongol yoke, the Byzantine legacy and the complete misunderstanding of Orthodox religion, or the often-cited duality of &#8220;chaos and tyranny.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">These theses, however, rarely go beyond mere esotericism and often draw upon the civilizational self-mythology of the Russian state itself, even when they appear to be critical of the empire.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Instead, it is more fruitful to examine relatively recent theoretical concepts. Among these, the most interesting, in my view, are so-called &#8220;defensive imperialism&#8221; and &#8220;internal colonization.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Internal Colonization</p><p style="text-align: justify;">After visiting Russia in 1843, the German agronomist August von Haxthausen wrote that this country does not primarily engage in external colonial expansion, but rather in a form of &#8220;internal colonization,&#8221; which constitutes &#8220;the most important question of the entire empire&#8217;s domestic policy and economy.&#8221; His thesis holds that Russia&#8217;s imperial expansion was not an external, maritime colonization like that of Western powers, but rather a process involving the conquest and &#8220;civilization&#8221; of geographically contiguous territories, often within its own ethnic and cultural &#8220;peripheries.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This logic of domination entailed not only geographical, but also symbolic and political differences: the colonizer and the colonized were not clearly separated. Instead, they often lived within the same imperial framework, frequently under the same political order, sometimes belonging to the same ethnicity but occupying different statuses. The impact of internal colonization differed fundamentally from the Western colonial experience, as the Russian state treated its own society as a colony, subordinated to a centralized, authoritarian power center. By contrast, Western empires primarily treated overseas territories as colonies, where the &#8220;civilizing mission&#8221; was clearly distinct from the societies of the metropole.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This model is particularly evident in the gradual subjugation and colonization of the Kazan Khanate, the Volga region, Siberia, and later Western and Southern Ukraine, where ethnic, religious, and cultural differences separated the central state authority from the subjugated and resettled populations. At the same time, there was no clear boundary between &#8220;empire&#8221; and &#8220;colony,&#8221; as these territories formally became integral parts of the state rather than separate entities. Colonization thus functioned as an internal, structurally integrated political logic based on differences in status. In the Russian Empire, German or Ukrainian settlers often &#8220;brought the state with them,&#8221; and their communities could exist in parallel with indigenous societies, which the Russian state sought to incorporate into its structures with varying intensity. This process, however, is not comparable, for example, to the extermination of Indigenous populations in the Americas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Defensive Imperialism</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second concept is defensive imperialism. Originally developed by classical scholars in the twentieth century in relation to the Roman Empire, by the end of the century historians (e.g. Marc Raeff) began applying it to Russia as well. Its essence lies in the idea that when a power experiences threats due to the absence of natural geographical boundaries, it attempts to pacify these challenges through conquest. However, since such campaigns do not result in stable natural borders, the state is compelled to wage wars repeatedly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is a historically interpretable concept. At the same time, when interpreted ideologically, it can serve as a dangerous justification for Moscow. It is also somewhat outdated in the context of military modernity, given that great-power defensive logic in the age of nuclear weapons and international law rests on different foundations. What matters for us is perception&#8212;namely, that the Russian elite thinks in these terms. Defensive imperialism today is therefore primarily a mental reality; it may be more accurate to describe it as defensive paranoia. Graeme P. Herd has written extensively on this, as mentioned in an earlier work.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What Is Not Unique</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The formation of the Russian autocratic state corresponds to the structural patterns of Western European imperial states. The elimination of feudal liberties, the subordination of the Church, and the establishment of a regular army and centralized bureaucracy&#8212;these are shared historical patterns that reflect not Russian exceptionalism, but the general logic of state modernization, centralization, and industrial society.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Where differences can be identified is in the defensive paranoia used to justify conquest in the absence of natural borders, as well as in the spatial and methodological features of colonization. This undeniably creates a specific experiential and mental map, which has significantly influenced the development of Russian identity. Russian intellectuals, during the Romantic era, discovered their own peasant culture as a form of exoticism, linking every trope and clich&#233; of the &#8220;noble savage&#8221; to the Russian &#8220;national soul.&#8221; For socialists, the peasant commune represented socialist collectivism; for liberals, shared decision-making; for nationalists, Russian national identity. Needless to say, this peasant self-governance was none of these, but rather a traditional, patriarchal social practice in which the wealthiest and oldest men held decisive influence within village communities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Intelligence State and Terrorism</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A blog post does not allow for a full answer to the question of why Russia fell back into the trap of autocracy in the modern era. This phenomenon indeed has long historical perspectives, yet they are not connected to popular explanations such as the Mongol conquest, the oprichniki of Ivan IV, or the so-called Byzantine legacy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">How seriously would we take a &#8220;Hungary expert&#8221; who explains contemporary Hungarian political conditions using references to figures such as Louis I of Hungary or Matthias Corvinus instead of historically relevant periods? Upon reflection, however, such historical clich&#233;s are often appealing. The &#8220;good West&#8221; and the &#8220;bad East,&#8221; the oppressive West and the oppressed East&#8212;these and similar constructs typically serve narratives rather than historical reconstruction and understanding. The &#8220;decision of Saint Stephen,&#8221; the bloody sword, the eternally rebellious Kopp&#225;nys of Hungarian history, the &#8220;mystique of the East&#8221; where origins are located&#8212;these are political clich&#233;s, slogans, not history. This also demonstrates that Russians are not unique in this respect. Every nation possesses its own myth of exceptionalism.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A fuller answer requires examining how the conditions of the bourgeois transition&#8212;the political, social, and economic context of the nineteenth century&#8212;differed in Russia compared to countries where some form of political consent became institutionalized over a longer period.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1825, the tsarist dynasty crushed the romantic nationalists and replaced them with an increasingly radical form of so-called dynastic nationalist ideology, which continues to exert a strong influence on contemporary Russian ideology. The tsarist regime did not allow nineteenth-century Russian society to achieve constitutional, genuinely modern, civic legitimacy. Reformers faced secret police repression and the sharp instruments of tsarist power. This contributed significantly to the revolutionary movement eventually adopting the methods of the tsarist secret police, plunging Russia into terror in the second half of the nineteenth century. The response took the form of proto-fascist Black Hundred state terror and anti-Jewish pogroms.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Historical irony is multifaceted. On the one hand, the Russian socialist revolutionary movement eventually became the very kind of terroristic state security apparatus it had ostensibly opposed. On the other hand, Russian socialism, in a specific way, continued the process of internal colonization, albeit according to a completely different logic of modernization.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Examining how these structures were transmitted into the present could provide a far more productive framework for understanding the Russian Federation than the familiar and popular explanations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The myth of exceptionalism today functions as an ideological construct that legitimizes the structure of the Russian state, while also supporting the exoticizing attitudes of its opponents. A broader historical comparison with other empires therefore contributes not only to understanding the origins of autocracy, but also to creating the possibility for its critical confrontation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>MAGYAR</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El&#337;zetesen megjegyezn&#233;m, hogy nem adok t&#250;l sokat a n&#233;pszer&#369; feltev&#233;snek miszerint Oroszorsz&#225;g t&#246;rt&#233;nete nem &#233;rthet&#337; meg Eur&#243;pa kontextus&#225;ban, ugyanakkor egyazon folyamat minden egyes esete val&#243;ban b&#237;r saj&#225;tos dimenzi&#243;kkal. A hagyom&#225;nyosnak tekinthet&#337;, tudom&#225;nytalanabb okfejt&#233;sekb&#337;l sz&#225;mos akad, ami magyar&#225;zatot v&#233;l adni Oroszorsz&#225;g &#250;gymond egyedis&#233;g&#233;re. Ilyen pl. mongol iga, a biz&#225;nci &#246;r&#246;ks&#233;g &#233;s a pravoszl&#225;v vall&#225;s teljes f&#233;lre&#233;rt&#233;se, vagy a sokat emlegetett &#8222;k&#225;osz-zsarnoks&#225;g&#8221; kett&#337;ss&#233;g.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ezek a t&#233;zisek azonban nem mutatnak t&#250;l a puszta ezotericizmuson &#233;s gyakran mag&#225;nak az orosz &#225;llamnak a civiliz&#225;ci&#243;s &#246;nmitol&#243;gi&#225;j&#225;b&#243;l &#233;p&#237;tkeznek, m&#233;g akkor is ha l&#225;tsz&#243;lag kritikusak a birodalommal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ehelyett &#233;rdemesebb relat&#237;ve &#250;j elm&#233;leti fogalmakat g&#243;rcs&#337; al&#225; venni. Ezek k&#246;z&#252;l a szerintem leg&#233;rdekesebbek az &#250;n. &#8222;v&#233;delmi imperializmus&#8221; &#233;s a &#8222;bels&#337; gyarmatos&#237;t&#225;s&#8221;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bels&#337; gyarmatos&#237;t&#225;s</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Miut&#225;n 1843-ban ell&#225;togatott Oroszorsz&#225;gba, August von Haxthausen n&#233;met agr&#225;rtud&#243;s azt &#237;rta, hogy ez az orsz&#225;g nem k&#252;ls&#337; gyarmati terjeszked&#233;sben, hanem sokkal ink&#225;bb egy &#8222;bels&#337; gyarmatos&#237;t&#225;sban&#8221; vesz r&#233;szt, amely &#8222;az eg&#233;sz birodalom belpolitik&#225;j&#225;nak &#233;s gazdas&#225;g&#225;nak legfontosabb k&#233;rd&#233;s&#233;t&#8221; k&#233;pezi. T&#233;zise, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g birodalmi expanzi&#243;ja nem k&#252;ls&#337;, tengeri gyarmatos&#237;t&#225;s, mint a nyugati hatalmak eset&#233;ben, hanem a centrummal f&#246;ldrajzilag &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#337; ter&#252;letek megh&#243;d&#237;t&#225;s&#225;val &#233;s civiliz&#225;l&#225;s&#225;val, gyakran a saj&#225;t etnikai-kultur&#225;lis &#8222;perif&#233;ri&#225;in&#8221; bel&#252;l j&#225;r&#243; folyamat.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez az uralmi logika nemcsak f&#246;ldrajzi, hanem szimbolikus &#233;s politikai k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;get is jelentett: a gyarmatos&#237;t&#243; &#233;s a gyarmatos&#237;tott nem k&#252;l&#246;n&#252;lt el vil&#225;gosan, ehelyett gyakran azonos birodalmi kereteken bel&#252;l &#233;lt, sokszor azonos politikai jogrend alatt, ak&#225;r azonos etnikum&#250;, de elt&#233;r&#337; st&#225;tuszban. A hat&#225;s, amit a bels&#337; gyarmatos&#237;t&#225;s gyakorolt, l&#233;nyegesen m&#225;s volt, mint a nyugati gyarmatos&#237;t&#243; tapasztalat, mert az orosz &#225;llam a saj&#225;t t&#225;rsadalm&#225;t kezelte kol&#243;niak&#233;nt, al&#225;rendelve egy k&#246;zpontos&#237;tott, autoriter hatalmi centrumnak. A nyugati birodalmak ezzel szemben els&#337;sorban a tengeren t&#250;li vil&#225;gokat kezelt&#233;k gyarmatk&#233;nt, ahol a &#8222;civiliz&#225;ci&#243;s k&#252;ldet&#233;s&#8221; vil&#225;gosan elk&#252;l&#246;n&#252;lt a metrop&#243;lia t&#225;rsadalmait&#243;l.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez a modell k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen mark&#225;nsan megfigyelhet&#337; a Kazanyi K&#225;ns&#225;g, a Volga-vid&#233;k, Szib&#233;ria vagy k&#233;s&#337;bb Nyugat- &#233;s D&#233;l-Ukrajna fokozatos al&#225;vet&#233;s&#233;n &#233;s koloniz&#225;l&#225;s&#225;n kereszt&#252;l, ahol nemzetis&#233;gi, vall&#225;si &#233;s kultur&#225;lis k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;gek h&#250;z&#243;dtak meg a k&#246;zponti &#225;llamhatalom &#233;s az al&#225;vetett &#233;s betelep&#237;tett n&#233;pess&#233;gek k&#246;z&#246;tt. Ugyanakkor nem volt vil&#225;gos hat&#225;r a &#8222;birodalom&#8221; &#233;s a &#8222;gyarmat&#8221; k&#246;z&#246;tt, mert ezek a terek form&#225;lisan is r&#233;szei lettek az &#225;llamnak &#233;s nem k&#252;l&#246;n egys&#233;gek &#8211; &#237;gy a gyarmatos&#237;t&#225;s bels&#337;, struktur&#225;lisan integr&#225;lt, de st&#225;tuszbeli megk&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;ztet&#233;sen alapul&#243; politikai logikak&#233;nt m&#369;k&#246;d&#246;tt. Az orosz birodalomban gyakran a n&#233;met vagy ukr&#225;n telepesek &#8222;vitt&#233;k magukkal&#8221; az orosz &#225;llamot is egyben, s a k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;geik p&#225;rhuzamosan l&#233;tezhettek a bennsz&#252;l&#246;tt t&#225;rsadalmakkal, amiket t&#246;bb kevesebb intenzit&#225;ssal akart bevonni az orosz &#225;llam a m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s&#233;be. Ez a folyamat azonban &#246;ssze sem hasonl&#237;that&#243; pl. az amerikai &#337;slakoss&#225;g kiirt&#225;s&#225;val.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>V&#233;delmi imperializmus</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A m&#225;sik fogalmunk a v&#233;delmi imperializmus. Ezt eredetileg a R&#243;mai Birodalom kapcs&#225;n alkott&#225;k meg az &#243;kortud&#243;sok a huszadik sz&#225;zadban &#233;s az &#233;vsz&#225;zad v&#233;g&#233;re t&#246;rt&#233;n&#233;szek (pl. Raeff) elkezdt&#233;k Oroszorsz&#225;ggal &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#233;sben is emlegetni. Ennek a l&#233;nyege, hogy amikor egy hatalom a f&#246;ldrajzi hat&#225;rok hi&#225;nya miatt fenyeget&#233;seket &#233;l &#225;t, akkor h&#243;d&#237;t&#225;ssal igyekszik pacifik&#225;lni ezeket a kih&#237;v&#225;sokat, &#225;m mivel nem jut term&#233;szetes hat&#225;rokhoz a hadj&#225;ratok ut&#225;n &#237;gy k&#233;nytelen ism&#233;t &#233;s ism&#233;t h&#225;bor&#250;kat v&#237;vni. Ez t&#246;rt&#233;netileg is &#233;rtelmezhet&#337; fogalom, ugyanakkor, ha ideol&#243;giailag &#233;rtelmezz&#252;k akkor vesz&#233;lyes igazol&#225;sk&#233;nt szolg&#225;lhat Moszkva sz&#225;m&#225;ra, r&#225;ad&#225;sul a katonai modernit&#225;s miatt kiss&#233; elavult is, tekintve, hogy a nagyhatalmi v&#233;delmi logika az atomfegyver &#233;s a nemzetk&#246;zi jog kor&#225;ban m&#225;r m&#225;s alapokon is &#225;ll. Ami nek&#252;nk fontos az a percepci&#243;, vagyis hogy az orosz elit ezt &#237;gy gondolja. A v&#233;delmi imperializmus ma teh&#225;t els&#337;sorban ment&#225;lis val&#243;s&#225;g &#233;s tal&#225;n jobb v&#233;delmi paranoi&#225;nak nevezni. Err&#337;l sokat &#237;rt Herd is akinek a munk&#225;ss&#225;g&#225;t m&#225;r emlegettem egy kor&#225;bbi &#237;r&#225;somban.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Amiben nincs egyedis&#233;g</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az orosz autokratikus &#225;llam kialakul&#225;sa egybev&#225;g a nyugat-eur&#243;pai birodalmi &#225;llamok szerkezeti mint&#225;ival. A feud&#225;lis szabads&#225;gjogok felsz&#225;mol&#225;sa, az egyh&#225;z al&#225;rendel&#233;se, a regul&#225;ris hadsereg &#233;s a k&#246;zponti b&#252;rokr&#225;cia ki&#233;p&#237;t&#233;se &#8211; ezek olyan k&#246;z&#246;s t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi mint&#225;zatok, amelyek nem az orosz kiv&#233;teless&#233;get, hanem az &#225;llami moderniz&#225;ci&#243;, centraliz&#225;ci&#243; &#233;s az ipari t&#225;rsadalom &#225;ltal&#225;nos logik&#225;j&#225;t t&#252;kr&#246;zik.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Amiben kimutathat&#243; elt&#233;r&#233;s, az a fenti h&#243;d&#237;t&#225;sokat igazol&#243; v&#233;delmi paranoia a term&#233;szetes hat&#225;rok hi&#225;nya miatt, illetve a gyarmatos&#237;t&#225;s tere &#233;s m&#243;dszere. Ez tagadhatatlanul saj&#225;tos tapasztalati &#233;s ment&#225;lis t&#233;rk&#233;pet hoz l&#233;tre, amely jelent&#337;s hat&#225;ssal volt az orosz identit&#225;s alakul&#225;s&#225;ra. Az orosz &#233;rtelmis&#233;giek mintegy egzotikumk&#233;nt fedezik fel saj&#225;t paraszti kult&#250;r&#225;jukat a romantika kor&#225;ban, s a &#8222;nemes vadember&#8221; minden toposz&#225;t &#233;s klis&#233;j&#233;t &#246;sszek&#246;tik az orosz &#8222;n&#233;pl&#233;lekkel&#8221;. A szocialist&#225;knak a paraszti kommuna a szocialista k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gis&#233;get jelentette, a liber&#225;lisoknak a k&#246;z&#246;s d&#246;nt&#233;shozatalt, a nacionalist&#225;knak pedig az orosz nemzeti identit&#225;st. Mondani sem kell ez a paraszti &#246;nkorm&#225;nyzatis&#225;g, ezek k&#246;z&#252;l egyik sem volt, hanem a tradicion&#225;lis t&#225;rsadalom, hagyom&#225;nyos, patriarch&#225;lis gyakorlata, amiben a leggazdagabb &#233;s leg&#246;regebb f&#233;rfiaknak volt &#233;rdemi szerepe egy faluk&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gbeli d&#246;nt&#233;shozatalban.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Titkosszolg&#225;lati &#225;llam &#233;s terrorizmus</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Egy blog nem teszi lehet&#337;v&#233;, hogy v&#225;laszt adjunk a k&#233;rd&#233;sre, hogy mi&#233;rt esett vissza a modern korokban Oroszorsz&#225;g az autokr&#225;cia csapd&#225;j&#225;ba. Ut&#243;bbinak val&#243;ban vannak hossz&#250; t&#246;rt&#233;neti perspekt&#237;v&#225;i, &#225;m azok nem &#225;llnak &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#233;sben az olyan n&#233;pszer&#369; magyar&#225;zatokkal, hogy a mongol h&#243;d&#237;t&#225;s, Rettegett Iv&#225;n opricsnyikjai, vagy &#233;ppen a &#8222;biz&#225;nci&#8221; &#246;r&#246;ks&#233;g miatt alakult &#237;gy a helyzet.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mennyire tudn&#225;nk komolyan venni egy olyan &#8222;Magyarorsz&#225;g szak&#233;rt&#337;t&#8221;, aki a mai magyar politikai viszonyokat olyan toposzokkal &#237;rja le, amiben mondjuk Nagy Lajosra vagy Hunyadi M&#225;ty&#225;sra hivatkozik, a t&#246;rt&#233;nelmileg relev&#225;ns korok helyett? B&#225;r jobban belegondolva szeretj&#252;k ezeket a t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi k&#246;zhelyeinket. A j&#243; Nyugat &#233;s rossz Kelet, az elnyom&#243; Nyugat &#233;s az elnyomott Kelet, vagy b&#225;rmi egy&#233;b, amivel ezeket a fogalmakat meg akarj&#225;k t&#246;lteni &#225;ltal&#225;ban egy narrat&#237;va &#233;s nem a t&#246;rt&#233;neti rekonstrukci&#243; &#233;s meg&#233;rt&#233;s szolg&#225;lat&#225;ban &#225;llnak. &#8222;Szent Istv&#225;ni d&#246;nt&#233;s&#8221;, a v&#233;res kard, az &#246;r&#246;k rebellis Kopp&#225;nyok a magyar t&#246;rt&#233;nelemben, a &#8222;kelet var&#225;zsa&#8221;, ahol eredet&#252;nk van stb. ezek politikai klis&#233;k, l&#243;zungok, nem t&#246;rt&#233;nelem. Egy&#233;bk&#233;nt ebb&#337;l is kit&#369;nik, hogy az oroszok ebben sem k&#252;l&#246;nlegesek. Minden nemzet rendelkezik k&#252;l&#246;nlegess&#233;gi m&#237;tosszal.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg" width="1456" height="942" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:942,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:565897,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/i/194687032?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N5Ir!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32fa0fe5-80e4-4b42-803c-6585b57f5c44_1920x1242.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Ilja Repin - A propagandista letart&#243;ztat&#225;sa (1892)</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A teljes v&#225;laszhoz azt kell megvizsg&#225;lni, hogy a polg&#225;rosod&#225;si &#225;tmenet &#8211; a XIX. sz&#225;zad politikai, t&#225;rsadalmi, gazdas&#225;gi stb. felt&#233;telei miben t&#233;rtek el Oroszorsz&#225;gban azokt&#243;l az orsz&#225;gokt&#243;l, amelyekben int&#233;zm&#233;nyes&#252;lt &#8211; legal&#225;bb r&#233;szben &#8211; hosszabb id&#337;re a politikai beleegyez&#233;s valamilyen kult&#250;r&#225;ja.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A c&#225;ri dinasztia 1825-ben leveri a romantikus nacionalist&#225;kat, s hely&#233;re az id&#337;vel egyre sz&#233;ls&#337;s&#233;gesebb&#233; v&#225;l&#243; &#250;n. dinasztikus nacionalista ideol&#243;gi&#225;t emeli, ami a mai orosz ideol&#243;gi&#225;ra is rendk&#237;v&#252;li hat&#225;st gyakorolt. A c&#225;ri hatalom nem hagyott lehet&#337;s&#233;get a XIX. sz&#225;zadi orosz t&#225;rsadalom sz&#225;m&#225;ra a hatalom alkotm&#225;nyos, val&#243;ban modern, polg&#225;ri legitim&#225;ci&#243;j&#225;ra. A reformist&#225;k a titkosrend&#337;rs&#233;ggel &#233;s &#233;les c&#225;ri fegyverekkel n&#233;ztek szembe. Ez jelent&#337;sen hozz&#225;j&#225;rult ahhoz, hogy a forradalmi mozgalom id&#337;vel elsaj&#225;t&#237;tsa a c&#225;ri titkosrend&#337;rs&#233;g m&#243;dszereit, s terrorba bor&#237;tsa a XIX. sz&#225;zad m&#225;sodik fel&#233;ben Oroszorsz&#225;got, amelyre a protofasiszta feketesz&#225;zas &#225;llami terrorhull&#225;m &#233;s a zsid&#243;pogromok voltak a v&#225;lasz.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi ir&#243;nia sokarc&#250;. Egyr&#233;szt id&#337;vel azz&#225; a terrorisztikus &#225;llambiztons&#225;gi szervezett&#233; v&#225;lik az orosz szocialista forradalmi mozgalom, ami ellen elvileg harcol, m&#225;sr&#233;szt az orosz szocializmus egy saj&#225;tos m&#243;don folytat&#243;ja a bels&#337; koloniz&#225;ci&#243;nak is, igaz teljesen elt&#233;r&#337; moderniz&#225;ci&#243;s logika ment&#233;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az, hogy hogyan &#246;r&#246;kl&#337;dtek tov&#225;bb ezek a strukt&#250;r&#225;k napjainkba, egy jelent&#337;sen gy&#252;m&#246;lcs&#246;z&#337;bb szeml&#233;lettel szolg&#225;lhatn&#225; az Oroszorsz&#225;gi F&#246;der&#225;ci&#243; meg&#233;rt&#233;s&#233;t, mint az ismert &#233;s n&#233;pszer&#369; magyar&#225;zatok.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A kiv&#233;teless&#233;g m&#237;tosza ma ideol&#243;giai konstrukci&#243;k&#233;nt szolg&#225;lja az orosz &#225;llam berendezked&#233;sek &#246;nigazol&#225;s&#225;t, vagy &#233;pp a birodalom ellenfeleinek egzotiz&#225;l&#243; hozz&#225;&#225;ll&#225;s&#225;t. &#201;ppen ez&#233;rt a t&#225;g t&#246;rt&#233;neti &#246;sszevet&#233;s m&#225;s birodalmakkal nemcsak az autokr&#225;cia eredet&#233;nek meg&#233;rt&#233;s&#233;hez j&#225;rul hozz&#225;, hanem a vele val&#243; kritikus szemben&#233;z&#233;s lehet&#337;s&#233;g&#233;t is megteremti.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aj&#225;nlott irodalom:</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Anderson, Benedict: Elk&#233;pzelt k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gek &#8211; Gondolatok a nacionalizmus eredet&#233;r&#337;l &#233;s elterjed&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l. Budapest: L&#8217;Harmattan, 2006.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Asch, Ronald G.: Absolutism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Etkind, Alexander: Internal Colonization: Russia&#8217;s Imperial Experience. Cambridge&#8211;Malden: Polity Press, 2011.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Heller, Mihail: Az orosz birodalom t&#246;rt&#233;nete. Budapest: Eur&#243;pa K&#246;nyvkiad&#243;, 2003.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">McAdams, James: A forradalom &#233;lcsapata. Budapest, MCC Press 2023.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Parker, Geoffrey: The Military Revolution and the Rise of the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sz&#369;cs Jen&#337;: &#8222;V&#225;zlat Eur&#243;pa h&#225;rom t&#246;rt&#233;neti r&#233;gi&#243;j&#225;r&#243;l&#8221;. In: A magyar essz&#233; antol&#243;gi&#225;ja I. Budapest: Osiris, 2006. 31&#8211;80.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A magyar kormányváltás oroszországi fogadtatása / The Russian Reception of the Change of Government in Hungary]]></title><description><![CDATA[Milyenek lesznek az orosz-magyar kapcsolatok a j&#246;v&#337;ben? / What will Russian-Hungarian relations look like in the future?]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/a-magyar-kormanyvaltas-oroszorszagi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/a-magyar-kormanyvaltas-oroszorszagi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2026 14:00:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Annak, aki most figyeli az orosz m&#233;di&#225;t egy&#233;rtelm&#369;: Moszkva, l&#225;tva sz&#246;vets&#233;ges&#233;nek els&#246;pr&#337; veres&#233;g&#233;t, a pragmatikus politikai &#233;s gazdas&#225;gi kapcsolatok megteremt&#233;s&#233;re t&#246;rekszik haz&#225;nkkal, ami tartalmilag az energiaf&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;g fenntart&#225;s&#225;t jelenti a gyakorlatban. Dmitrij Peszkov orosz eln&#246;ki sz&#243;viv&#337; <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/apr/14/hungary-new-era-russia-back-foot-vladimir-putin-viktor-orban">nyilatkozata</a> miszerint haz&#225;nk volt vezet&#233;se egy &#8222;bar&#225;ts&#225;gtalan orsz&#225;g&#8221; &#233;l&#233;n nem volt Oroszorsz&#225;g bar&#225;tj&#225;nak tekinthet&#337; bej&#225;rta a magyar nyilv&#225;noss&#225;got is. Ezzel szemben, am&#237;g most Magyar P&#233;ternek nem, addig 2022-ben egy&#233;bk&#233;nt az orosz eln&#246;k Orb&#225;nnak gratul&#225;lt, jegyzi meg a Vedomosztyi. A Kreml sz&#243;viv&#337;je azt is elmondta, hogy &#8222;egyel&#337;re megel&#233;ged&#233;ssel &#225;llap&#237;thatjuk meg, amennyire &#233;rtj&#252;k (Magyar P&#233;ter) k&#233;sz a pragmatikus p&#225;rbesz&#233;dre.&#8221; Ez &#246;nmag&#225;ban is &#233;rdekes fejlem&#233;ny, &#225;m &#233;rdemes sz&#233;tn&#233;zni t&#225;gabban is az orosz m&#233;di&#225;ban, mert ebb&#337;l &#233;rthet&#337; meg, hogy milyen kapcsolatokra sz&#225;m&#237;thatunk a j&#246;v&#337;ben az orosz f&#233;llel. Sorra h&#225;tr&#225;l ki az orosz m&#233;dia teljess&#233;ge a Fidesz m&#246;g&#252;l &#233;s a befoly&#225;sol&#225;si m&#369;veletek ut&#225;n Moszkva most gyors &#250;jratervez&#233;sben van.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png" width="1120" height="896" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dsOc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0240ea9e-ba32-4fa5-9f96-95bf8384bcc7_1120x896.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">A <a href="https://www.kp.ru/daily/27773/5235571/">Komszomolszkaja Pravda interj&#250;t k&#246;z&#246;lt</a> Alekszej Pilk&#243;val a Lomonoszov tudom&#225;nyos munkat&#225;rs&#225;val a magyar v&#225;laszt&#225;sokr&#243;l. Ez tal&#225;n a legellens&#233;gesebb hangv&#233;tel&#369; cikk, azonban m&#233;g itt is l&#233;nyeges t&#246;bb t&#233;ny hangzik el az Ukrajn&#225;nak juttatott hitelez&#233;sr&#337;l, mint a Fidesz-propagand&#225;ban b&#225;rmikor. Pilk&#243; &#233;rt&#233;kel&#233;se szerint Magyarorsz&#225;g politik&#225;ja sok tekintetben v&#225;ltozatlan maradhat a Tisza-korm&#225;ny alatt is, ugyanakkor azt mondta, ha imm&#225;r Magyarorsz&#225;g is t&#225;mogatja a h&#225;bor&#250;val &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#337; hiteleket, akkor &#8211; m&#233;g ha p&#233;nzzel nem is j&#225;rul hozz&#225; &#8211; le kell kapcsolni minden eur&#243;pai energiasz&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st. &#8222;Hiba volt a nyugat-eur&#243;pai energiaf&#252;gg&#233;s ki&#233;p&#237;t&#233;se&#8230; Oroszorsz&#225;gnak &#193;zsia fel&#233; kell fordulnia&#8221; mondta a szak&#233;rt&#337;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Szint&#233;n a Komszomolszkaja Pravd&#225;n jelent meg <a href="https://www.kp.ru/daily/27773/5235562/">&#8222;Viktor nem jelent gy&#337;ztest: mi&#233;rt vesz&#237;tette el Orb&#225;n a v&#225;laszt&#225;sokat Magyarorsz&#225;gon, &#233;s mit jelent ez Oroszorsz&#225;g &#233;s Ukrajna sz&#225;m&#225;ra&#8221;</a> c&#237;mmel egy m&#225;sik cikk t&#246;bb szak&#233;rt&#337;vel, amelyben hangs&#250;lyozz&#225;k, hogy a v&#233;lt k&#252;lpolitikai sikerek vagy fenyeget&#233;sek nem &#237;rj&#225;k fel&#252;l a v&#225;laszt&#243;k mindennapi gazdas&#225;gi probl&#233;m&#225;it, amelyeket nem siker&#252;lt a Fidesznek megoldania, illetve az eddigi korm&#225;nyp&#225;rt elvesztette a kapcsolatot a fiatalokkal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fjodor Lukjanov, ismert orosz k&#252;lpolitikai szak&#233;rt&#337; az RG-n foglalkozott a magyar v&#225;laszt&#225;s eredm&#233;nyeivel. <a href="https://rg.ru/2026/04/12/lukianov-protiv-orbana-igral-faktor-ustalosti-ot-odnih-i-teh-zhe-lic.html">Els&#337;</a> &#233;s <a href="https://rg.ru/2026/04/13/fedor-lukianov-o-pobede-madiara-svoia-rubashka-snova-pobedila.html">m&#225;sodik</a> r&#246;vid &#233;rt&#233;kel&#233;s&#233;ben egyar&#225;nt le&#237;rja, hogy Orb&#225;n veres&#233;ge nem jelentett meglepet&#233;st, a hossz&#250; hatalmon marad&#225;s term&#233;szetes politikai kif&#225;rad&#225;shoz vezetett (ezt sokan m&#225;sok is &#237;rj&#225;k). Az eredm&#233;ny ugyanakkor az oroszok szerint nem t&#246;r&#233;st, ink&#225;bb folytonoss&#225;got jelez: a nemzeti &#233;rdekek els&#337;dlegess&#233;ge tov&#225;bbra is meghat&#225;rozza a magyar politik&#225;t. Lukjanov kiemeli, hogy a Fidesz-kamp&#225;ny er&#337;sen nemzetk&#246;zi keretbe ker&#252;lt, mik&#246;zben az ellenz&#233;k belpolitikai k&#233;rd&#233;sekre &#233;p&#237;tette strat&#233;gi&#225;j&#225;t &#233;s az EU-val val&#243; viszony rendez&#233;s&#233;t a mindennapi &#233;let jav&#237;t&#225;s&#225;nak eszk&#246;zek&#233;nt mutatta be. A k&#252;ls&#337; szerepl&#337;k &#8211; els&#337;sorban amerikai politikusok &#8211; beavatkoz&#225;si k&#237;s&#233;rletei a szerz&#337; szerint nem befoly&#225;solt&#225;k &#233;rdemben a v&#225;laszt&#225;s kimenetel&#233;t. Lukjanov azt v&#225;rja, hogy az &#250;j korm&#225;ny v&#225;rhat&#243;an gesztusokat tesz Br&#252;sszel fel&#233;, k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen az Ukrajn&#225;nak sz&#225;nt p&#233;nz&#252;gyi csomag &#252;gy&#233;ben, ugyanakkor a t&#233;nyleges politikai ir&#225;nyvonal m&#233;g nem k&#246;rvonalaz&#243;dott. Lukjanov szerint a v&#225;ltoz&#225;s egyel&#337;re ink&#225;bb szimbolikus, a gyakorlati k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyek csak k&#233;s&#337;bb v&#225;lnak l&#225;that&#243;v&#225;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az &#250;j Magyar-kabinett&#337;l pragmatizmusra &#233;s realizmusra sz&#225;m&#237;t a <a href="https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2026/04/14/1190042-kakie-otnosheniya-slozhatsya-u-rossii-s-novim-premerom-vengrii">Vedomosztyi</a> &#233;s a <a href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8588568">Kommerszant</a> is. A Kommerszant r&#246;vid elemz&#233;se az EU, Budapest, Kijev h&#225;romsz&#246;gben igyekszik keresni a j&#246;v&#337; magyar politik&#225;j&#225;nak tartalm&#225;t. Az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; els&#337;dleges c&#233;lja, hogy Magyarorsz&#225;g hagyja j&#243;v&#225; a 90 milli&#225;rd eur&#243;s Ukrajna-t&#225;mogat&#225;si hitelt, emellett az EU azt v&#225;rja, hogy Magyarorsz&#225;g t&#225;mogassa az &#250;j Oroszorsz&#225;g elleni szankci&#243;s csomagot, amely k&#246;zvetlen&#252;l kapcsol&#243;dik az ukrajnai h&#225;bor&#250;hoz. Ukrajna teh&#225;t a t&#225;rgyal&#225;sok egyik kulcsk&#233;rd&#233;se &#233;s az EU p&#233;nz&#252;gyi &#233;s politikai t&#225;mogat&#225;s&#225;nak biztos&#237;t&#225;sa &#233;rdek&#233;ben pr&#243;b&#225;lja bevonni a j&#246;v&#337;beli magyar korm&#225;nyt az egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;sbe. Az elemz&#337;k egyet&#233;rtenek abban, hogy a magyar k&#252;lpolitika nem fordul &#233;lesen &#250;j ir&#225;nyba, ink&#225;bb egy &#8222;&#225;tlagos eur&#243;pai modellhez&#8221; k&#246;zel&#237;t, ahol a nemzeti &#233;rdekek hangs&#250;lya megmarad, de a konfliktusos hangnem m&#233;rs&#233;kl&#337;dik. Megjegyzik, hogy a Tisza vezet&#337;je hozz&#225;tette, hogy egyenl&#337; felt&#233;teleket k&#237;v&#225;n biztos&#237;tani minden k&#252;lf&#246;ldi v&#225;llalat sz&#225;m&#225;ra, ez&#233;rt fel&#252;lvizsg&#225;lj&#225;k az Orb&#225;n alatt k&#246;t&#246;tt szerz&#337;d&#233;seket. Ez &#233;rinti a 2026 febru&#225;rj&#225;ban megkezdett Paks 2 &#233;p&#237;t&#233;s&#233;t is.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A <a href="https://www.mk.ru/politics/2026/04/13/inoy-madyar-ne-vinovat-rezultaty-vyborov-v-vengrii-okazalis-ne-takimi-odnoznachnymi.html">Moszkovszkij Komszomolec</a> komment&#225;rja &#243;vatoss&#225;gra inti Kijevet. B&#225;r a cikk szerint Magyar val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;leg feloldja majd a 90 milli&#225;rdos uni&#243;s hitel blokkol&#225;s&#225;t, t&#246;bb ponton is az orb&#225;ni ir&#225;nyvonalat viszi tov&#225;bb pl.: Nem tervezi fegyverek sz&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#225;t Ukrajn&#225;nak, nem t&#225;mogatja Ukrajna gyors&#237;tott uni&#243;s csatlakoz&#225;s&#225;t &#233;s a cikk szerint Magyar P&#233;ter egy&#233;rtelm&#369;v&#233; tette, hogy nem &#8222;pro-ukr&#225;n&#8221;, hanem &#8222;pro-magyar&#8221; korm&#225;nyt fog vezetni.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az MK hangs&#250;lyozza, hogy Magyar P&#233;ter a rendszer bels&#337; k&#246;r&#233;b&#337;l &#233;rkezett. Kiemelik kor&#225;bbi poz&#237;ci&#243;it az &#225;llamigazgat&#225;sban, a Fideszhez f&#369;z&#337;d&#337; m&#250;ltj&#225;t &#233;s Varga Judittal val&#243; kor&#225;bbi h&#225;zass&#225;g&#225;t. A szerz&#337; szerint ez a h&#225;tt&#233;r garancia arra, hogy Magyar nem a liber&#225;lis vagy baloldali k&#246;r&#246;k sz&#252;l&#246;tte &#233;s politikai gy&#246;kerei alapvet&#337;en a konzervat&#237;v oldalon maradnak.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A cikk szerint Br&#252;sszel &#246;r&#246;me korai lehet. Az elemz&#233;s felteszi a k&#233;rd&#233;st: vajon Donald Trump &#8222;amerikai konzervat&#237;v hamburgere&#8221; nem lesz-e vonz&#243;bb id&#337;vel Magyar sz&#225;m&#225;ra, mint a &#8222;szikkadt br&#252;sszeli kelbimb&#243;&#8221;? Ez azt sugallja, hogy az &#250;j korm&#225;ny az EU-val val&#243; b&#233;k&#252;l&#233;s ellen&#233;re is meg&#337;rizheti &#8222;szuverenista&#8221; jelleg&#233;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A cikkek &#233;s Tisza gy&#337;zelm&#233;vel kapcsolatos elemz&#233;sek konkl&#250;zi&#243;ja az, hogy Magyar P&#233;ter programja sz&#225;nd&#233;kosan amorf maradt a kamp&#225;ny sor&#225;n, hogy mindenkit megsz&#243;l&#237;tson, de a korm&#225;nyz&#225;sa sor&#225;n a re&#225;lpolitika fog domin&#225;lni. Az orosz f&#233;l szerint Magyar egy technokrata realista, aki a nemzeti &#233;rdekeket szem el&#337;tt tartva tov&#225;bbra is k&#233;nyszer&#369;, de stabil partner maradhat Oroszorsz&#225;g sz&#225;m&#225;ra az energetika ter&#252;let&#233;n, m&#237;g a biztons&#225;g &#233;s v&#233;delempolitika egy &#8222;&#225;tlagos&#8221; uni&#243;s orsz&#225;g&#233;hoz lesz hasonlatos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rgH5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5595ce47-9f07-4d2d-9079-59299793b055_1200x1143.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">ENGLISH</h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The Russian Reception of the Change of Government in Hungary</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What will Russian-Hungarian relations look like in the future?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For anyone following the Russian media at the moment, one thing is clear: Moscow, seeing the crushing defeat of its ally, is seeking to establish pragmatic political and economic relations with the new leadership of Hungary, which in practice means preserving energy dependence. Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin spokesman, stated that Hungary&#8217;s former leadership, while heading an &#8220;unfriendly country,&#8221; could not be regarded as &#8222;friends&#8221; to Russia; this remark also spread through the Hungarian public sphere. By contrast, as Vedomosti notes, while Vladimir Putin has not congratulated P&#233;ter Magyar now, he did congratulate Orb&#225;n in 2022. The Kremlin spokesman also said that &#8220;for now, we can note with satisfaction, as far as we understand, that P&#233;ter Magyar is ready for pragmatic dialogue.&#8221; This is an interesting development in itself, yet it is worth looking more broadly across the Russian media landscape, because that is where we can understand what kind of relationship to expect from the Russian side in the future. The entirety of the Russian media is steadily backing away from Fidesz, and following its influence operations, Moscow is now rapidly recalibrating its strategy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Komsomolskaya Pravda published an interview with Alexey Pilko, a researcher at Lomonosov University (MGU), about the Hungarian elections. This is perhaps the most hostile article in tone, yet even here substantially more factual detail appears about the loans granted to Ukraine than in Fidesz propaganda at any point. In Pilko&#8217;s assessment, Hungarian policy may remain unchanged in many respects even under a Tisza government. At the same time, he argued that if Hungary now supports war-related loans, then all European energy supplies should be cut off, even if Hungary itself does not contribute financially. &#8220;It was a mistake to build Western Europe&#8217;s energy dependence&#8230; Russia must turn toward Asia,&#8221; the expert said.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Also in Komsomolskaya Pravda, another article appeared under the title &#8220;Viktor Does Not Mean Victor: Why Orb&#225;n Lost the Elections in Hungary and What It Means for Russia and Ukraine,&#8221; featuring several experts. They stress that supposed foreign-policy successes or threats do not override voters&#8217; everyday economic concerns, which Fidesz failed to resolve, and that the governing party had lost all contact with young people.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fyodor Lukyanov, a well-known Russian foreign policy expert, also addressed the Hungarian election results in Rossiyskaya Gazeta. In both his first and second brief assessments, he wrote that Orb&#225;n&#8217;s defeat was no surprise, and that a long period in power had led to natural political fatigue, a point many others also make. At the same time, from the Russian perspective, the result signals continuity rather than rupture: the primacy of national interests will continue to define Hungarian politics. Lukyanov emphasizes that the Fidesz campaign was framed heavily in international terms, while the opposition built its strategy around domestic issues and presented the normalization of relations with the EU as a means of improving everyday life. According to him, attempts by outside actors, above all American politicians, to influence the outcome did not substantially affect the result. Lukyanov expects the new government to make gestures toward Brussels, especially on the financial package intended for Ukraine, though its actual political direction remains unclear. In his view, the change is symbolic for now, while its practical consequences will become visible only later.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both Vedomosti and Kommersant expect pragmatism and realism from the new Magyar cabinet. Kommersant&#8217;s brief analysis tries to define the substance of future Hungarian policy within the triangle of the EU, Budapest, and Kyiv. The European Union&#8217;s primary goal is for Hungary to approve the &#8364;90 billion loan package for Ukraine. In addition, the EU expects Hungary to support a new package of anti-Russian sanctions directly connected to the war in Ukraine. Ukraine is thus one of the key issues in the negotiations, and the EU is trying to draw the future Hungarian government into cooperation in order to secure both financial and political support for Kyiv. Analysts agree that Hungarian foreign policy is not set to make a sharp turn in a new direction. It is more likely to move closer to an &#8220;average European model,&#8221; in which the emphasis on national interests remains, while the confrontational tone is moderated. They also note that the leader of Tisza added that he wants to ensure equal conditions for all foreign companies, and that contracts signed under Orb&#225;n will therefore be reviewed. This also affects the construction of Paks II, which began in February 2026.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The commentary in Moskovsky Komsomolets urges Kyiv to be cautious. Although the article says that Magyar will likely lift the blockage on the &#8364;90 billion EU loan, it also argues that in several respects he will continue Orb&#225;n&#8217;s line: for example, he does not plan to send weapons to Ukraine, he does not support Ukraine&#8217;s accelerated accession to the EU, and, according to the article, P&#233;ter Magyar has made it clear that he will lead a government that is not &#8220;pro-Ukrainian&#8221; but &#8220;pro-Hungarian.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moskovsky Komsomolets emphasizes that P&#233;ter Magyar comes from the system&#8217;s inner circle. It highlights his previous positions in public administration, his past ties to Fidesz, and his former marriage to Judit Varga. According to the author, this background guarantees that Magyar is not a product of liberal or left-wing circles, and that his political roots remain fundamentally on the conservative side.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">According to the article, Brussels&#8217; joy may be premature. The analysis raises the question of whether Donald Trump&#8217;s &#8220;American conservative hamburger&#8221; may, over time, prove more attractive to Magyar than the &#8220;withered Brussels sprout.&#8221; This suggests that, despite reconciliation with the EU, the new government may still preserve its &#8220;sovereignist&#8221; character.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The conclusion of these articles and analyses of Tisza&#8217;s victory is that P&#233;ter Magyar&#8217;s program remained deliberately amorphous during the campaign in order to appeal to everyone, while realpolitik will dominate once he is in government. In the Russian view, Magyar is a technocratic realist who, while keeping national interests in mind, may remain a necessary yet stable partner for Russia in the field of energy, while in matters of security and defense policy Hungary is likely to resemble an &#8220;average&#8221; EU member state.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[We defeated them / Legyőztük őket]]></title><description><![CDATA[Now comes the hard part / Most j&#246;n a neheze]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/we-defeated-them-legyoztuk-oket</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/we-defeated-them-legyoztuk-oket</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 10:15:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>&#8220;The experience of defeat is at the same time the experience of victory&#8230; our own continuity has withstood the flow of life and time.&#8221;</em></p><p>Carl Jung</p><p></p><p>The battle for the parliament is over; the war for the soul of the country is about to begin.</p><p>One of the hardest days of my life was when I published my summary on Russian operations unprecedented within the European Union, putting both my livelihood and a significant part of my personal relationships at risk. This time, however, the operational theater was not some distant region&#8212;Georgia or Moldova&#8212;about which one can write solid articles and analyses, but here, in my own homeland. Had I remained silent, I would now be unable to answer to my own conscience.</p><p>On March 14, I said nothing new that could have justified the surge of attention that followed. I came to understand that it was about me. I had expected some interest, yet I had no intention of appearing anywhere; I am not particularly well suited to interviews. I could never have anticipated the scale of it&#8212;according to the data, more than six hundred thousand people saw that post. By contrast, I am used to my writings reaching only a narrow audience. My original aim was simply to set my conscience in order and to test where the boundaries of free speech truly lie.</p><p>What was most disheartening was that people I respect and hold in high regard either failed to see the situation or refused to acknowledge it. Even now, in light of everything that has happened, I feel no anger toward the Russians; yet I cannot accept treason.</p><p>We often say that the modern battlefield is everywhere&#8212;and this is indeed true, above all in our minds. I admit that I had been convinced that the current system could not be removed through democratic means, and I seriously considered the possibility that a close result might undermine the legitimacy of the political system, allowing the ensuing uncertainty to escalate into a revolution. The reports of Russian intelligence officers; the scenes of police breaking down doors of people who merely sought to exercise their freedom of political expression; the fact that unprecedented intelligence tools were deployed to prevent systemic change; the repetitive, deceitful, inciting, and cynical elements of information warfare that I have been exposed to day after day for years; the horrors of black campaigns against civilians; and the reality that the prime minister was not simply poisoning society with pro-Russian propaganda, but that the country itself had become a theater of hybrid warfare&#8212;all of this felt disturbingly familiar from a Moscow that has turned into a dictatorship. These experiences suggested that we might already have found ourselves thrown back into the 1950s, or into the Soviet Union, and that people might ultimately be forced to resort to similar means to regain their freedom. Fortunately, my generation did not have to face that scenario. Brave civilians, police officers, soldiers, young and old alike&#8212;millions of ordinary people&#8212;have shown in recent months that we do indeed live in Europe. The party-state, faced with the immense strength of civil resistance, threw in the towel. The change was peaceful.</p><p>It was astonishing to experience how Hungarian diplomats, former national security professionals, members of the diplomatic corps stationed in Budapest, foreign representatives, mayors, scholars, journalists, old acquaintances, friends, and strangers&#8212;hundreds of people&#8212;personally expressed their solidarity and support. I experienced something that perhaps only a few are granted; it is the most beautiful gift I can carry with me from this transition for the rest of my life. Thank you&#8212;sincerely.</p><p>One must never forget that struggle is never a single battle; it is always long. It is equally clear that moments of grace are fleeting. Losing a battle is one thing, just as winning one is. Many have already bled in these struggles. The intellectual burden borne by the intelligentsia is not a uniquely Hungarian problem, nor is the difficulty of finding a path to the people. The Russians have written much about this. The fate of the Narodniks in Russia and that of the &#8220;n&#233;piek&#8221; in Hungary stand as clear evidence of how difficult this path truly is. It is said that Pyotr Chaadayev, an early representative of Russian Westernism, was hospitalized for weeks after the publication of his first article.</p><p>The day before yesterday, we defeated the mafia state&#8212;I hope each of us played some part in that. Today, our task is to rebuild, within a deeply contaminated society, a mode of thinking aligned with the true Hungarian national interest, and to fully separate it from the service of one of the wealthiest political dynasties in the world. This is the shared mission of that part of the nation which engages professionally with foreign policy and international relations. At the same time, we must ensure that these emerging doctrines do not remain confined within an ivory tower.</p><p>The country-destroying rule of the Russian-aligned party-state has come to an end. It is the task of economic experts to restore the budget; it is our task to present alternatives in foreign policy thinking.</p><p>I believe my Bulgakov era has come to an end.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg" width="1456" height="2126" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7tMf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a3b838f-4391-46db-b4c1-c4065bc9a22c_2604x3802.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h3>MAGYAR</h3><p></p><p><em>&#8222;A veres&#233;g &#225;t&#233;l&#233;se egy&#250;ttal a gy&#337;zelem &#225;t&#233;l&#233;se is&#8230; saj&#225;t folytonoss&#225;gunk ellen&#225;llt az &#233;let &#233;s az id&#337; &#225;raml&#225;s&#225;nak.&#8221;</em></p><p>Carl Jung</p><p></p><p>A csata a parlament&#233;rt v&#233;get &#233;rt, a h&#225;bor&#250; az orsz&#225;g lelk&#233;&#233;rt most kezd&#337;dik el.</p><p>&#201;letem egyik legnehezebb napja volt, mikor k&#246;zz&#233;tettem az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243;ban soha nem l&#225;tott orosz m&#369;veletekr&#337;l sz&#243;l&#243; &#246;sszefoglal&#243;mat, kock&#225;ra t&#233;ve a meg&#233;lhet&#233;semet &#233;s emberi kapcsolataim jelent&#233;keny r&#233;sz&#233;t egyar&#225;nt. A m&#369;veleti ter&#252;let azonban ez&#250;ttal nem egy t&#225;voli vid&#233;ken volt, Gr&#250;zi&#225;ban vagy Moldov&#225;ban, amelyr&#337;l j&#243; cikkeket &#233;s elemz&#233;seket lehet publik&#225;lni, hanem itt, a sz&#252;l&#337;f&#246;ldemen. Ha hallgattam volna, akkor most k&#233;ptelen lenn&#233;k sz&#225;mot adni a lelkiismeretemr&#337;l.</p><p>A vil&#225;gon semmi olyan &#250;j dolgot nem mondtam m&#225;rcius 14-&#233;n, ami indokolta volna a k&#246;r&#252;l&#246;ttem fell&#225;ngol&#243; &#233;rdekl&#337;d&#233;st. Meg&#233;rtettem, hogy a szem&#233;lyemr&#337;l van sz&#243;. Sejtettem, hogy lesz &#233;rdekl&#337;d&#233;s, de eredetileg nem akartam bemenni sehov&#225;, nem vagyok k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sebben j&#243; interj&#250;alany. Azt, hogy az &#233;rdekl&#337;d&#233;s ekkora lesz, soha nem felt&#233;teleztem volna, az adatok szerint t&#246;bb, mint hatsz&#225;zezren l&#225;tt&#225;k ezt a posztot. &#201;n ezzel szemben megszoktam, hogy &#237;r&#225;saim egy sz&#369;k k&#246;r&#246;n k&#237;v&#252;l m&#225;st nem &#233;rdekelnek. A c&#233;l eredetileg mind&#246;ssze csak annyi lett volna, hogy helyretegyem lelkiismeretem, s megn&#233;zzem mik is val&#243;j&#225;ban a sz&#243;l&#225;sszabads&#225;g hat&#225;rai.</p><p>A legelkeser&#237;t&#337;bb az volt, hogy a helyzetet &#225;ltalam elismert &#233;s nagyra tartott emberek nem l&#225;tt&#225;k, vagy nem voltak hajland&#243;ak l&#225;tni. &#201;n m&#233;g &#237;gy, annak t&#252;kr&#233;ben, ami t&#246;rt&#233;nt sem haragszom az oroszokra, de a haza&#225;rul&#225;st elfogadni nem vagyok k&#233;pes.</p><p>Sokszor mondjuk, hogy a modern csatat&#233;r minden&#252;tt ott van, s ez val&#243;ban &#237;gy is van, mindenekfelett az elm&#233;nkben. Bevallom, hogy meggy&#337;z&#337;d&#233;sem volt, hogy a Fideszt&#337;l nem lehet megszabadulni demokratikus &#250;ton &#233;s &#250;gy v&#233;ltem komolyan kell sz&#225;molni azzal a lehet&#337;s&#233;ggel, hogy adott esetben egy szoros eredm&#233;ny al&#225;&#225;shatja a politikai rendszer legitimit&#225;s&#225;t &#233;s az azt k&#246;vet&#337; bizonytalan helyzet val&#243;ban forradalomm&#225; tereb&#233;lyesedhet. A h&#237;rek az orosz h&#237;rszerz&#337;tisztekr&#337;l; a jelenetek ahogy a rend&#337;rs&#233;g r&#225;t&#246;ri az ajt&#243;t az emberekre, akik csup&#225;n a politikai v&#233;lem&#233;ny&#252;k kinyilv&#225;n&#237;t&#225;s&#225;nak szabads&#225;g&#225;val akartak &#233;lni, az hogy soha nem l&#225;tott titkosszolg&#225;lati eszk&#246;z&#246;kkel pr&#243;b&#225;lta a hatalom megakad&#225;lyozni a rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;st, az &#225;ltalam imm&#225;r &#233;vek &#243;ta nap mint nap v&#233;gighallgatott &#246;nism&#233;tl&#337;, hazug, gy&#369;l&#246;letkelt&#337; &#233;s &#225;ls&#225;gos inform&#225;ci&#243;h&#225;bor&#250;s elemek; a civilek elleni feketekamp&#225;nyok borzalmai; a t&#233;ny, hogy a minisztereln&#246;k nem egyszer&#369;en oroszbar&#225;t propagand&#225;val m&#233;rgezi a t&#225;rsadalmat, hanem hogy az orsz&#225;g konkr&#233;tan hibrid h&#225;bor&#250;s m&#369;veleti ter&#252;lett&#233; v&#225;lt, amelynek a panelei sz&#225;momra k&#237;s&#233;rtetiesen ismer&#337;sek voltak a diktat&#250;r&#225;v&#225; v&#225;lt Moszkv&#225;b&#243;l. Ezek mind azt mutatt&#225;k a sz&#225;momra, hogy lehets&#233;ges, hogy m&#225;r val&#243;ban is az &#246;tvenes &#233;vekbe, vagy a Szovjetuni&#243;ba cs&#246;ppent&#252;nk, s a megszabadul&#225;shoz ak&#225;r hasonl&#243; eszk&#246;z&#246;kh&#246;z lesznek k&#233;nytelenek ny&#250;lni az emberek. Szerencs&#233;re ezzel a forgat&#243;k&#246;nyvvel nem kellett szemben&#233;znie az &#233;n gener&#225;ci&#243;mnak sem. B&#225;tor civilek, rend&#337;r&#246;k, katon&#225;k, fiatalok &#233;s id&#337;sek, h&#233;tk&#246;znapi emberek milli&#243;i bizony&#237;tott&#225;k az elm&#250;lt h&#243;napokban, hogy mi igenis Eur&#243;p&#225;ban &#233;l&#252;nk. A p&#225;rt&#225;llam &#8211; l&#225;tva a civil ellen&#225;ll&#225;s hatalmas erej&#233;t &#8211; bedobta a t&#246;r&#246;lk&#246;z&#337;t, a v&#225;ltoz&#225;s b&#233;k&#233;s volt.</p><p>Megd&#246;bbent&#337; volt tapasztalni, hogy magyar diplomat&#225;k, egykori nemzetbiztons&#225;giak, a budapesti diplom&#225;ciai karb&#243;l itt &#225;llom&#225;soz&#243; k&#252;lf&#246;ldiek, polg&#225;rmesterek, tud&#243;sok, &#250;js&#225;g&#237;r&#243;k, r&#233;gi ismer&#337;s&#246;k, bar&#225;tok &#233;s idegen emberek sz&#225;zai biztos&#237;tottak szem&#233;lyesen a szolidarit&#225;sukr&#243;l &#233;s a t&#225;mogat&#225;sr&#243;l. Olyat tapasztaltam, ami tal&#225;n csak keveseknek adatik meg, ez a legszebb aj&#225;nd&#233;k, amit a rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;sb&#243;l magammal vihetek eg&#233;sz &#233;letemre. K&#246;sz&#246;n&#246;m! Tiszta sz&#237;vb&#337;l!</p><p>Nem szabad elfelejteni, hogy a k&#252;zdelem nem egy csat&#225;b&#243;l &#225;ll, a k&#252;zdelem mindig hossz&#250;. Az is vil&#225;gos: a kegyelmi pillanat mindig m&#250;l&#243;. Egy csat&#225;t elveszteni egy dolog, ahogy megnyerni is az. Sokan v&#233;reztek el ezekben a csat&#225;kban m&#225;r. Nem saj&#225;tosan magyar probl&#233;ma az &#233;rtelmis&#233;g szellemi terhelts&#233;ge, sem pedig az, hogy neh&#233;z megtal&#225;lni az utat a n&#233;phez. Az oroszok sokat &#237;rtak err&#337;l. A narodnyikok sorsa n&#225;luk, s a n&#233;piek sorsa n&#225;lunk a t&#246;k&#233;letes bizony&#237;t&#233;k arra, hogy mennyire neh&#233;z is ez az &#250;t. &#193;ll&#237;t&#243;lag Csadajev az orosz nyugatos ir&#225;nyzat korai k&#233;pvisel&#337;je els&#337; cikke publik&#225;l&#225;sa ut&#225;n hetekre k&#243;rh&#225;zba ker&#252;lt.</p><p>Tegnapel&#337;tt legy&#337;zt&#252;k a maffia&#225;llamot, rem&#233;lem ebben n&#233;mi szerepe mindannyiunknak jutott. Ma az a feladatunk, hogy egy s&#250;lyosan szennyezett t&#225;rsadalomban &#250;jraalkossuk a val&#243;di magyar nemzeti &#233;rdek szerinti gondolkod&#225;st &#233;s azt marad&#233;ktalanul lev&#225;lasszuk a vil&#225;g egyik leggazdagabb politikai dinaszti&#225;j&#225;nak szolg&#225;lat&#225;r&#243;l. Ez k&#246;z&#246;s k&#252;ldet&#233;se a nemzet azon r&#233;sz&#233;nek, aki szakmai szinten foglalkozik k&#252;lpolitik&#225;val &#233;s nemzetk&#246;zi kapcsolatokkal. Azonban azt semmik&#233;ppen nem engedhetj&#252;k meg, hogy ezek a kialakul&#243; doktr&#237;n&#225;k egy elef&#225;ntcsonttoronyba legyenek z&#225;rva.</p><p>Az orosz sz&#246;vets&#233;ges p&#225;rt&#225;llam orsz&#225;gveszt&#337; uralm&#225;nak v&#233;ge van, a gazdas&#225;gi szakemberek feladata, hogy helyretegy&#233;k a k&#246;lts&#233;gvet&#233;st, a mi feladatunk pedig, hogy felmutassuk a k&#252;lpolitikai gondolkod&#225;sban az alternat&#237;v&#225;kat.</p><p>Azt hiszem v&#233;get &#233;rt a Bulgakov-korszakom.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[„Meg kell érteni Oroszországot” – „Russlandverstehen”]]></title><description><![CDATA[L&#243;zungok a nemzetk&#246;zi kapcsolatokban II. / Clich&#233;s In International Relations II.]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/meg-kell-erteni-oroszorszagot-russlandverstehen</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/meg-kell-erteni-oroszorszagot-russlandverstehen</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 10:46:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(see English below)</p><p>A helyzet tudom&#225;sulv&#233;tele &#233;s az azzal val&#243; azonosul&#225;s k&#246;z&#246;tt &#233;les &#233;s m&#233;ly hat&#225;rvonal h&#250;z&#243;dik. P&#233;ld&#225;ul az embereket &#233;r&#337; szenved&#233;s t&#233;ny&#233;nek meg&#233;rt&#233;se, jobb esetben, nem kell, hogy p&#225;rosuljon a szenved&#233;st okoz&#243; k&#246;r&#252;lm&#233;nyek felt&#233;tel n&#233;lk&#252;li elfogad&#225;s&#225;val.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Oroszorsz&#225;g &#233;s annak k&#252;lpolitik&#225;ja kapcs&#225;n &#233;vsz&#225;zados t&#246;rt&#233;nete van annak a l&#243;zungnak, hogy ez a f&#246;ld valami olyan saj&#225;tos logika szerint m&#369;k&#246;dik, amelynek a meg&#233;rt&#233;se m&#225;r-m&#225;r misztikus k&#233;pess&#233;gekkel k&#233;pzelhet&#337; csak el, s ez az orosz nemzeti &#246;nk&#233;pen is otthagyta probl&#233;m&#225;s b&#233;lyeg&#233;t. A &#8222;Russlandverstehen&#8221; az SPD enyh&#252;l&#233;si politik&#225;ja miatt egy id&#337;re fogalomm&#225; v&#225;lt a n&#233;met nyelvben a hetvenes &#233;vek folyam&#225;n. Persze maga a gondolat j&#243;val r&#233;gebbi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sokak sz&#225;m&#225;ra ismert Tyutcsev verse:</p><h5>&#8222;Oroszorsz&#225;got, &#233;sz, el nem &#233;red;</h5><h5>m&#233;ter, sing sose m&#233;ri fel:</h5><h5>k&#252;l&#246;n &#250;ton j&#225;r ott az &#233;let -</h5><h5>Oroszorsz&#225;gban hinni kell!&#8221;</h5><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez azonban eg&#233;sz egyszer&#369;en nem igaz. Az ilyet&#233;n szeml&#233;let annak a romantikus &#246;norientaliz&#225;ci&#243;nak &#233;s &#246;negzotiz&#225;l&#225;snak a term&#233;ke, ami a magyar szellemi horizonton is gyakori, s ismer&#337;s lehet abban az orsz&#225;gban, ahol a &#8222;tud&#225;s n&#233;pe&#8221; &#233;s m&#225;s born&#237;rt k&#246;zhelyek uralj&#225;k a k&#246;zbesz&#233;d tekint&#233;lyes r&#233;sz&#233;t. Az &#246;nmag&#225;t egzotiz&#225;l&#243; kult&#250;r&#225;r&#243;l b&#337;ven &#237;rt <a href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=308256">Szil&#225;gyi &#193;kos kiv&#225;l&#243; tanulm&#225;ny&#225;ban</a>, illetve &#233;n is ezt boncolgatom hamarosan megjelen&#337; tudom&#225;nyos szakcikkemben.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg" width="848" height="672" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mml!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4fcf3c7-9520-4ca1-81b7-9e887782a075_848x672.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Forr&#225;s: Pinterest - Pathologic</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A jelen &#237;r&#225;sban ennek az &#8222;Oroszorsz&#225;g-meg&#233;rt&#233;snek&#8221; a c&#225;folat&#225;ra v&#225;llalkozunk, ami j&#243;val egyszer&#369;bb, mint amilyennek els&#337; l&#225;t&#225;sra t&#369;nik, ugyanis b&#225;rmely hat&#233;kony &#233;s j&#243; modell alkalmaz&#225;sa automatikusan c&#225;folja Oroszorsz&#225;g &#8222;rejt&#233;lyess&#233;g&#233;nek&#8221; m&#237;tosz&#225;t. Nem egy blogbejegyz&#233;st, hanem k&#246;nyvt&#225;rakat lehetne ezzel kit&#246;lteni.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A tudom&#225;nyoss&#225;g feladatai k&#246;z&#233; tartozik az empirikus bizony&#237;t&#233;kok alapj&#225;n olyan elm&#233;leti koncepci&#243;k kialak&#237;t&#225;sa, amelyek a konkr&#233;t esetekre j&#243;l vonatkoztathat&#243;ak. <a href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/russias-foreign-policy-9798881808600/">&#8222;Oroszorsz&#225;g k&#252;lpolitik&#225;ja: v&#225;ltoz&#225;s &#233;s folytonoss&#225;g a nemzeti identit&#225;sban&#8221;</a> c. munk&#225;j&#225;ban Andrei P. Tsygankov az orosz k&#252;lpolitika posztszovjet alakul&#225;s&#225;t a nemzeti &#233;rdek egym&#225;ssal vet&#233;lked&#337; &#233;rtelmez&#233;si horizontjai ment&#233;n rendezi el. E megk&#246;zel&#237;t&#233;s f&#233;ny&#233;ben az 1991 &#233;s 2022 k&#246;z&#246;tti id&#337;szak nem &#237;rhat&#243; le egyetlen, line&#225;ris fejl&#337;d&#233;si &#237;vk&#233;nt, amely egy &#8222;nyugatbar&#225;t &#233;s demokratikus&#8221; berendezked&#233;st&#337;l sz&#252;ks&#233;gszer&#369;en vezetne el egy &#8222;nyugatellenes &#233;s birodalmi&#8221; logik&#225;hoz.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tsygankov tudatos t&#225;vols&#225;got tart a nemzetk&#246;zi kapcsolatok elm&#233;let&#233;nek bevett s&#233;m&#225;it&#243;l. A hiba szerinte a realista megk&#246;zel&#237;t&#233;sben az, hogy a liber&#225;lis fordulatok &#8211; p&#233;ld&#225;ul Mihail Gorbacsov politik&#225;ja &#8211; puszt&#225;n taktikai visszah&#250;z&#243;d&#225;sk&#233;nt ragadhat&#243;k meg, mik&#246;zben a liber&#225;lis ir&#225;nyzatok a konzervat&#237;v fordulatokat &#8211; &#237;gy Vlagyimir Putyin hatalomgyakorl&#225;s&#225;t &#8211; irracion&#225;lis kisikl&#225;sk&#233;nt hajlamosak &#233;rtelmezni. Ily m&#243;don a klasszikus elm&#233;leti keretek nem k&#233;pesek kell&#337; m&#233;lys&#233;gben felt&#225;rni a k&#252;lpolitikai v&#225;ltoz&#225;sok bels&#337; logik&#225;j&#225;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A nemzeti &#233;rdek fogalma nem tekinthet&#337; r&#246;gz&#237;tett, objekt&#237;v adotts&#225;gnak; sokkal ink&#225;bb egy dinamikus konstrukci&#243;, amely a t&#225;rsadalmi &#233;s politikai k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gek (egy&#233;bk&#233;nt mindenekfelett a t&#337;k&#233;s elit) &#225;ltal l&#233;trehozott identit&#225;sv&#237;zi&#243;k felemelked&#233;s&#233;vel &#233;s hanyatl&#225;s&#225;val egy&#252;tt form&#225;l&#243;dik.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mivel az orosz nemzeti identit&#225;st a bels&#337; politikai k&#252;zdelmek &#233;s a Nyugattal val&#243; interakci&#243;k egyar&#225;nt form&#225;lt&#225;k, ez&#233;rt a f&#337; k&#252;lpolitikai fejl&#337;d&#233;si &#237;v a k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; identit&#225;skoal&#237;ci&#243;k (nyugatosok, technokrata etatist&#225;k, &#8222;civiliz&#225;ci&#243;ist&#225;k&#8221;) harcak&#233;nt &#233;rtelmezend&#337; a nemzeti &#233;rdek defin&#237;ci&#243;j&#225;&#233;rt.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tsygankov periodiz&#225;ci&#243;ja alapj&#225;n az al&#225;bbi korszakokat k&#252;l&#246;n&#237;thetj&#252;k el az orosz k&#252;lpolitikai gondolkod&#225;s t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;ben a Szovjetuni&#243; sz&#233;thull&#225;s&#225;nak kezdeti szakasz&#225;t&#243;l.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Gorbacsov &#8211; &#8222;&#218;j gondolkod&#225;s&#8221; (1985&#8211;1991)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Nyugati integr&#225;ci&#243; (korai Jelcin&#8211;Kozirjev, 1991&#8211;1993 k&#246;r&#252;l)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Nagyhatalmi kiegyens&#250;lyoz&#225;s (k&#233;s&#337;i Jelcin&#8211;Primakov, kb. 1993&#8211;1999)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Pragmatikus egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s (korai Putyin, 2000&#8211;2007)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Nagyhatalmi asszertivit&#225;s (Putyin 2007-t&#337;l)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Medvegyev alatti technokratikus &#250;jranyit&#225;s (2008&#8211;2011)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Putyin visszat&#233;r&#233;se ut&#225;ni civiliz&#225;ci&#243;s, neoimperialista fordulat (2012 ut&#225;n)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Orosz n&#233;z&#337;pontb&#243;l vizsg&#225;lva a helyzetet megvil&#225;g&#237;t&#243; erej&#369; az Alekszej Bogaturov monogr&#225;fi&#225;ja &#8222;Nemzetk&#246;zi kapcsolatok &#233;s Oroszorsz&#225;g k&#252;lpolitik&#225;ja&#8221; c&#237;men, ami arra a felismer&#233;sre vezet, hogy az orosz k&#252;lpolitikai asszertivit&#225;s &#8211; k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen 2007-et k&#246;vet&#337;en &#8211; &#233;rtelmezhet&#337; egyfajta v&#225;laszk&#233;nt arra a nyugati t&#246;rekv&#233;sre, amely Oroszorsz&#225;got egy korl&#225;tozott mozg&#225;ster&#369;, &#8222;ir&#225;ny&#237;tott&#8221; partner szerep&#233;be k&#237;v&#225;nta illeszteni a nemzetk&#246;zi rendben. Be kell l&#225;tnia mindenkinek, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g antagoniz&#225;l&#225;s&#225;ban igenis nagyon komoly szerepe volt az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok rendk&#237;v&#252;l probl&#233;m&#225;s poszthidegh&#225;bor&#250;s strat&#233;giai logik&#225;j&#225;nak.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az orosz politikai elit &#233;rtelmez&#233;s&#233;ben a saj&#225;t, jelen strat&#233;giai &#246;nmeghat&#225;roz&#225;s a szuverenit&#225;s teljess&#233;g&#233;nek visszaszerz&#233;s&#233;re ir&#225;nyul&#243; t&#246;rekv&#233;sk&#233;nt jelenik meg, egy olyan nemzetk&#246;zi k&#246;zegben, amelyet alapvet&#337;en bizalmatlans&#225;g &#233;s fenyegetetts&#233;g&#233;rzet hat &#225;t. A percepion&#225;lt vil&#225;g ellens&#233;ges volt, s a percepci&#243; addig fert&#337;zte az orosz elm&#233;t, am&#237;g a vil&#225;g val&#243;ban hallatlanul ellens&#233;ges nem lett. Ukrajna nyugatos fordulata maxim&#225;lisan Moszkva bakl&#246;v&#233;seinek k&#246;sz&#246;nhet&#337;, nem a &#8222;Nyugat&#8221; &#225;rm&#225;nykod&#225;s&#225;nak, de err&#337;l egy k&#233;s&#337;bbi (esem&#233;nyt&#246;rt&#233;neti &#233;s nem elm&#233;leti) &#237;r&#225;sban &#233;rdemes sz&#243;lni.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Abb&#243;l, hogy meg&#233;rtj&#252;k milyen objekt&#237;v t&#233;nyez&#337;k &#233;s s&#250;lyos nyugati bakl&#246;v&#233;sek j&#225;rultak hozz&#225;, hogy az orosz strat&#233;giai c&#233;l a minket v&#233;d&#337; kollekt&#237;v v&#233;d&#337;erny&#337; sz&#233;tzil&#225;l&#225;sa lett, m&#233;g nem k&#246;vetkezik az, hogy ezzel az orosz c&#233;llal egyet&#233;rts&#252;nk, pl&#225;ne az, hogy ezt akt&#237;van t&#225;mogassuk.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Att&#243;l m&#233;g, hogy valaki &#8222;meg&#233;rti&#8221; Oroszorsz&#225;got, m&#233;g nem k&#246;vetkezik az, hogy haza&#225;rul&#243; lesz, azonban, ha ez a meg&#233;rt&#233;s t&#225;mogat&#225;ss&#225;, s&#337;t cselekv&#233;ss&#233; v&#225;lik ott komolyan elkezd rezegni a l&#233;c.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/meg-kell-erteni-oroszorszagot-russlandverstehen?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/meg-kell-erteni-oroszorszagot-russlandverstehen?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ha szeretn&#233;l seg&#237;teni akkor k&#233;rlek iratkozz fel ennek a Substacknek a fizet&#337;s v&#225;ltozat&#225;ra. Minden adom&#225;ny most nagy seg&#237;ts&#233;get jelent!</p><h1 style="text-align: justify;">ENGLISH</h1><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Understanding Russia&#8221; &#8211; Russlandverstehen</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Clich&#233;s in International Relations II.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Understanding is not the same as acceptance. There is a sharp and profound line between acknowledging a situation and identifying with it. To comprehend the reality of human suffering does not, in a better case, require the unconditional acceptance of the conditions that produce that suffering.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the case of Russia and its foreign policy, there is a centuries-old slogan suggesting that this land operates according to a peculiar logic, the comprehension of which can almost only be imagined as requiring quasi-mystical abilities. This notion has left a problematic imprint on Russian national self-perception as well. The concept of Russlandverstehen became a term in the German language during the 1970s, largely due to the d&#233;tente policy of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The idea itself, however, is far older.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Many are familiar with the poem by Fyodor Tyutchev:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;Russia cannot be grasped by reason;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">no yardstick can measure her:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">her life proceeds along a separate path&#8212;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">in Russia, one must believe.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This, however, is simply not true. Such a perspective is the product of a romantic self-orientalization and self-exoticization&#8212;an attitude that is also familiar on the Hungarian intellectual horizon, in a country where clich&#233;s about being a &#8220;nation of knowledge&#8221; and similar banalities shape a considerable portion of public discourse. The dynamics of self-exoticizing cultures have been thoroughly examined by &#193;kos Szil&#225;gyi in an excellent study, and I myself address this phenomenon in an upcoming academic article.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The present essay undertakes to refute this notion of &#8220;understanding Russia.&#8221; This task is far simpler than it might appear at first glance: the successful application of any effective analytical model automatically dispels the myth of Russia&#8217;s &#8220;mysteriousness.&#8221; Entire libraries could be filled with such work.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Among the core tasks of scholarship is the construction of theoretical concepts, grounded in empirical evidence, that can be meaningfully applied to concrete cases. In his work Russia&#8217;s Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity, Andrei P. Tsygankov organizes the post-Soviet evolution of Russian foreign policy along competing interpretive horizons of the national interest. From this perspective, the period between 1991 and 2022 cannot be described as a single, linear trajectory moving inevitably from a &#8220;pro-Western and democratic&#8221; system toward an &#8220;anti-Western and imperial&#8221; logic.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tsygankov maintains a deliberate distance from the conventional frameworks of international relations theory. In his view, the flaw of realism lies in its tendency to interpret liberal turns&#8212;such as the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev&#8212;as mere tactical retreats, while liberal approaches tend to view conservative turns&#8212;such as the exercise of power under Vladimir Putin&#8212;as irrational deviations. In this way, classical theoretical frameworks fail to grasp the internal logic of foreign policy change in sufficient depth.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The concept of the national interest cannot be treated as a fixed, objective given; it is far better understood as a dynamic construct, shaped by the rise and decline of identity visions produced by social and political communities&#8212;above all, by the capitalist elite.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Since Russian national identity has been shaped both by internal political struggles and by interactions with the West, the main trajectory of foreign policy development can be interpreted as a contest among different identity coalitions&#8212;Westernizers, technocratic statists, and &#8220;civilizationalists&#8221;&#8212;over the definition of the national interest.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Based on Tsygankov&#8217;s periodization, the following phases can be distinguished in the history of Russian foreign policy thinking since the initial stage of the Soviet Union&#8217;s collapse:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Gorbachev &#8211; &#8220;New Thinking&#8221; (1985&#8211;1991)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Western integration (early Yeltsin&#8211;Kozyrev, roughly 1991&#8211;1993)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Great-power balancing (late Yeltsin&#8211;Primakov, approx. 1993&#8211;1999)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pragmatic cooperation (early Putin, 2000&#8211;2007)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Great-power assertiveness (Putin from 2007)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Technocratic reopening under Dmitry Medvedev (2008&#8211;2011)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civilizational, neo-imperial turn after Putin&#8217;s return (post-2012)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">From a Russian perspective, the volume by Aleksei Bogaturov, International Relations and Russia&#8217;s Foreign Policy, is particularly illuminating. It suggests that Russian foreign policy assertiveness&#8212;especially after 2007&#8212;can be interpreted as a response to Western efforts to integrate Russia into the international order as a constrained, &#8220;managed&#8221; partner. It must be acknowledged that the deeply problematic post&#8211;Cold War strategic logic of the United States played a significant role in the antagonization of Russia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Within the interpretation of the Russian political elite, the current strategic self-definition appears as an effort to restore the fullness of sovereignty in an international environment permeated by distrust and a sense of threat. The perceived world was hostile, and this perception gradually shaped the Russian mindset until the world itself became profoundly hostile. Ukraine&#8217;s Western turn is primarily the result of Moscow&#8217;s own miscalculations, rather than Western intrigue&#8212;though this is best addressed in a later, event-focused rather than theoretical analysis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">From the fact that we understand which objective factors and serious Western missteps contributed to the emergence of a Russian strategic goal aimed at dismantling the collective security umbrella that protects us, it does not follow that we must agree with this objective&#8212;let alone actively support it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Understanding Russia does not make one a traitor. Yet when such understanding transforms into support, and even into action, the boundary begins to tremble in a very serious way.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">If you would like to support my work, please consider subscribing to the paid version of this Substack. Every contribution is of great help at this moment.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Easter Open Letter to Péter Szijjártó]]></title><description><![CDATA[(The original was published in Hungarian by the weekly &#8222;Hungarian Voice&#8221;)]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/easter-open-letter-to-peter-szijjarto</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/easter-open-letter-to-peter-szijjarto</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 12:26:37 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(The original was published <a href="https://hang.hu/publicisztika/alkonyi-zalan-husveti-nyilt-level-szijjarto-peterhez-187131">in Hungarian</a> by the weekly &#8222;Hungarian Voice&#8221;)</p><p>Minister,</p><p>Although I address this letter to you, it speaks to a broader audience: the Hungarian foreign policy and national security community. Before joining MCC, I myself worked at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, in the Department for Eastern Europe, between 2021 and 2022; prior to that, I completed my internship in Moscow.</p><p>Minister, together with the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence, you claim that you do not see Russian interference in the Hungarian political system, that it is a &#8220;Tisza lie.&#8221; I trust you understand that reports produced within the ministry are not decorative items. We know precisely that on your desk lie materials that detail the hybrid warfare being waged against Europe. This form of warfare may differ in its individual components, yet it belongs to the same strategic space as the war in Ukraine. If these reports have not made this clear to you, it bears repeating in public: the ultimate objective of hybrid warfare is the hollowing out of Western integration and the erosion of the collective security umbrella.</p><p>At this point, those who do not see this hybrid war are fools; those who do see it and deny it have an interest in doing so. Your conduct, and the recordings concerning you, come as no surprise to those who can see through appearances. In this campaign, the Russians are visibly supporting you through their interference. Setting aside your immediate political interests, I want every employee of the ministry to understand the situation clearly.</p><p>Minister, is there a connection between the fact that you received the Order of Friendship from Sergey Lavrov and the fact that the personal data of nearly all ministry employees&#8212;potentially including their home addresses and their mothers&#8217; names&#8212;as well as their correspondence, ended up in the hands of Russian hackers, something the majority of staff were already fully aware of before the scandal? Why did you remain minister if you do not understand the dimensions of cybersecurity? Why do you meet Sergey Lavrov more often than any of your allies? Are you aware of the Russian doctrine that seeks to undermine NATO and EU collective defence through hybrid means? Do you grasp that by denying this&#8212;indeed, by facilitating it&#8212;you endanger the security of every Hungarian citizen? Do you grasp that providing real-time reporting from confidential EU deliberations to the Russian side on strategic matters meets the criminal threshold of mishandling classified information and treason?</p><p>It is also an open secret how you humiliate the employees of the ministry. One could begin with the fact that the ministry is unable to provide work mobile phones&#8212;now a basic expectation in any office environment&#8212;for most of its staff. One could continue with the dismissal of seasoned diplomats who have devoted their lives to their work, or with the appointment of unqualified individuals as diplomatic representatives and advisers. One could speak of how you abolished the ministry caf&#233;, leaving staff without even a basic setting for professional introductions with members of the diplomatic corps. One could recall how you turned your own floor into an exhibition space filled with self-glorifying photographs, like some Middle Eastern autocrat. One could mention that a public figure was admitted into the party within the ministry building itself, or how the daughter of your acquaintance found her way into your staff. Of course, this came only after a 22-year-old employee, D&#225;niel, was dismissed using methods reminiscent of secret police practices, his only &#8220;offence&#8221; being the download of an application onto his own phone. That data leak, too, is suspected to be linked to Russian hackers. I assume you were pleased&#8212;cooperation with the Russians appears to pay off.</p><p>Moscow is now fighting tooth and nail to keep you in power, as in the hybrid war against Europe you have proven to be among its most useful instruments. With this commitment, you have placed the long-term security of every Hungarian citizen at risk.</p><p>I do not consider you naive; you are fully aware of what you are doing. I write to you now&#8212;at Easter&#8212;because I assume that your relationship to God may be compared to your relationship to Hungarian sovereignty. I do not expect a substantive reply; you are well aware that your career will end in Moscow, like that of so many traitors throughout our history.</p><p>There is a story circulating among diplomats about you. When you became minister, you allegedly said that you did not wish to see culture within the ministry. Yet despite all your efforts, Hungarian culture has not been entirely eradicated from the building.</p><p>Your knowledge of the Russian language will serve you well.</p><p>&#1041;&#1077;&#1079; &#1091;&#1074;&#1072;&#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;:</p><p>&#1047;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;&#1085; &#1040;&#1083;&#1082;&#1086;&#1085;&#1100;&#1080;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Csatatér: Budapest – Az SZVR Magyarországról szóló jelentése / Battlefield: Budapest – The SVR Report on Hungary]]></title><description><![CDATA[Orosz m&#369;velet a magyar v&#225;laszt&#225;sok befoly&#225;sol&#225;s&#225;ra III. / Russian Operation to Influence the Hungarian Elections III.]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/csatater-budapest-az-szvr-magyarorszagrol</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/csatater-budapest-az-szvr-magyarorszagrol</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2026 05:05:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Egy <a href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/battlefield-budapest-an-unprecedented">k&#246;zelm&#250;ltbeli &#237;r&#225;somban r&#233;szletesen bemutattam</a> azokat az eszk&#246;z&#246;ket, amelyek r&#233;v&#233;n az orosz befoly&#225;sol&#225;si m&#369;veletek Magyarorsz&#225;gon zajlanak. Itt csup&#225;n r&#246;viden utalok erre a sokr&#233;t&#369; k&#233;pre: diplom&#225;ciai nyom&#225;sgyakorl&#225;s, h&#237;rszerz&#233;si aktivit&#225;s, kibert&#225;mad&#225;sok, a m&#233;diat&#233;rben zajl&#243; m&#369;veletek &#233;s egym&#225;st er&#337;s&#237;t&#337; inform&#225;ci&#243;s hull&#225;mok. Mindez azonban csak a felsz&#237;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az elm&#250;lt hetekben a nemzetk&#246;zi sajt&#243;ban is megjelentek olyan h&#237;rek &#8211; a Washington Post &#233;s kor&#225;bban a Financial Times k&#246;zl&#233;sei &#8211;, amelyek &#225;ll&#237;t&#243;lagos orosz tervekr&#337;l, illetve h&#237;rszerz&#337;i tev&#233;kenys&#233;gr&#337;l sz&#225;molnak be Magyarorsz&#225;gon. Ezek az &#233;rtes&#252;l&#233;sek figyelemre m&#233;lt&#243;ak, ugyanakkor a k&#233;zzelfoghat&#243; bizony&#237;t&#233;kok k&#246;re korl&#225;tozott. A helyzet bizonyos tekintetben eml&#233;keztet a t&#246;rt&#233;neti p&#233;ld&#225;kra, mindenekel&#337;tt a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=915335054649289">Zinovjev-t&#225;virat &#252;gy&#233;re</a>, ahol a brit h&#237;rszerz&#233;s szovjetellenes fikci&#243;kat dolgozott ki az angliai v&#225;laszt&#225;sok befoly&#225;sol&#225;s&#225;ra, kihaszn&#225;lva a szovjet felforgat&#243;tev&#233;kenys&#233;g miatti bizalomveszt&#233;st Moszkv&#225;val szemben.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#201;rdemes egy l&#233;p&#233;ssel m&#233;lyebbre menni. Az al&#225;bbiakban egy olyan dokumentumot mutatok be, amely az orosz K&#252;ls&#337; H&#237;rszerz&#337; Szolg&#225;lat (SZVR) hivatalos fel&#252;let&#233;n jelent meg &#233;s amely a hazai sajt&#243;ban egy kor&#225;bban sz&#233;les k&#246;rben id&#233;zett Tisza-p&#225;rttal kapcsolatos orosz h&#237;rszerz&#233;si k&#246;zlem&#233;ny, valamint a Magyarorsz&#225;g ellen ir&#225;nyul&#243; pszichol&#243;giai m&#369;velet (PSYOP) egyik alapj&#225;ul is szolg&#225;lt. E forr&#225;s k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;s &#233;rt&#233;ke abban rejlik, hogy bel&#252;lr&#337;l enged betekint&#233;st abba a gondolkod&#225;sm&#243;dba, amelyben ezek a m&#369;veletek megsz&#252;letnek.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az al&#225;bbiakban kritikailag sz&#233;tszedj&#252;k ezt a jelent&#233;st:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png" width="551" height="814" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np93!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa41e891a-6a04-447f-b391-25dfab259352_551x814.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">A jelent&#233;s azzal az &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;ssal kezd&#337;dik, hogy az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; vezet&#233;se &#8222;k&#233;sz int&#233;zked&#233;seket hozni&#8221; a magyar vezet&#233;s &#8222;elt&#225;vol&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra&#8221;. A dokumentum k&#233;s&#337;bb hozz&#225;teszi, hogy &#8222;jelent&#337;s p&#233;nz&#252;gyi, adminisztrat&#237;v, m&#233;diabeli &#233;s lobbier&#337;forr&#225;sok mozg&#243;s&#237;t&#225;sa zajlik&#8221; a k&#237;v&#225;nt eredm&#233;ny el&#233;r&#233;se &#233;rdek&#233;ben.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ez a vil&#225;gk&#233;p ugyanazt a logik&#225;t alkalmazza r&#225;nk, mint amely Oroszorsz&#225;gra &#233;rv&#233;nyes. A szerepl&#337;k mindig azonos&#237;that&#243;k, az eszk&#246;z&#246;k k&#246;nnyen felismerhet&#337;k, a c&#233;lok teljesen vil&#225;gosak. Graeme P. Herd <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Strategic-Behavior-Contemporary-Security/dp/036720522X">&#8222;Az orosz strat&#233;giai viselked&#233;s &#233;rtelmez&#233;se&#8221;</a></em> c. m&#369;v&#233;ben ezt a gondolkod&#225;sm&#243;dot saj&#225;tos szerkezetk&#233;nt &#237;rja le. Elemz&#233;se szerint a t&#246;rt&#233;neti tapasztalat &#233;s &#246;nk&#233;p, a h&#237;rszerz&#233;si-operat&#237;v logika, valamint az &#225;llami m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s egys&#233;ge alak&#237;tja a d&#246;nt&#233;shozatalt Oroszorsz&#225;gban; ennek eredm&#233;nyek&#233;nt a politika sz&#225;mukra minden esetben ilyen (h&#237;rszerz&#233;si) m&#369;veletek sorozatak&#233;nt jelenik meg. A mell&#233;kelt jelent&#233;st ebben a logik&#225;ban &#233;rdemes &#233;rtelmezni.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Az orosz &#225;llambiztons&#225;gi vil&#225;gk&#233;pben a hatalom csak k&#246;zpontos&#237;tott, a cselekv&#233;s csak ir&#225;ny&#237;tott lehet. Nincs m&#225;s &#250;t. A politikai v&#225;ltoz&#225;s szervezett folyamat, amelyet er&#337;forr&#225;sok &#233;s h&#225;l&#243;zatok tartanak fenn. A jelent&#233;s k&#252;l&#246;n hangs&#250;lyozza, hogy az ukr&#225;n f&#233;l is &#8222;akt&#237;van bekapcsol&#243;dott&#8221; a magyar korm&#225;ny lev&#225;lt&#225;s&#225;ra ir&#225;nyul&#243; kamp&#225;nyba, azzal a c&#233;llal, hogy k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; eszk&#246;z&#246;kkel &#8222;destabiliz&#225;lja a helyzetet&#8221;. Itt jut el ez a rendszer arra a pontra, ahol fesz&#252;lts&#233;gbe ker&#252;l a val&#243;s&#225;g m&#225;s lehets&#233;ges form&#225;ival. Miel&#337;tt kritika &#233;rne, meg kell jegyezni, hogy val&#243;ban t&#246;rt&#233;ntek bar&#225;ts&#225;gtalan l&#233;p&#233;sek Ukrajna r&#233;sz&#233;r&#337;l Magyarorsz&#225;ggal szemben; ez t&#233;ny, &#233;s az, hogy &#8222;ki kezdte&#8221;, olyan gyermeteg k&#233;rd&#233;s, amelyre itt nem k&#237;v&#225;nok v&#225;laszolni. Akinek van diplom&#225;ciai &#233;rz&#233;ke, annak most a fesz&#252;lts&#233;g cs&#246;kkent&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l &#233;s az eszkal&#225;ci&#243; m&#233;rs&#233;kl&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l kellene besz&#233;lnie. Egy m&#225;sik kritikai ir&#225;ny el&#233;be menve azt is megjegyezn&#233;m, hogy az ellenz&#233;k vezet&#337;je &#8212; csak&#250;gy, mint a korm&#225;nyp&#225;rti EP-k&#233;pvisel&#337;k &#8212; az Eur&#243;pai Parlamentt&#337;l kapja a fizet&#233;s&#233;t. A &#8222;br&#252;sszeli p&#233;nz&#8221; v&#225;dj&#225;b&#243;l ezen t&#250;l semmi t&#246;bb nem igazolhat&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Vannak kult&#250;r&#225;k &#8212; s&#337;t, a legt&#246;bb kult&#250;ra &#237;gy m&#369;k&#246;dik &#8212;, amelyekben a politikai folyamatok nem k&#246;zpontos&#237;tott ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;s ment&#233;n szervez&#337;dnek. Az ilyen rendszerekben az egy&#233;nek d&#246;nt&#233;sei, a helyi k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gek dinamik&#225;ja, egy&#233;b t&#225;rsadalmi &#233;s gazdas&#225;gi t&#233;nyez&#337;k, valamint a spont&#225;n m&#243;don kialakul&#243; ellen&#225;ll&#225;s alak&#237;tja az esem&#233;nyeket. A politikai t&#233;r a val&#243;s&#225;gban sokszerepl&#337;s folyamat, amelyben az ir&#225;nyok folyamatosan alakulnak. Ez a k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;g nem csup&#225;n elm&#233;leti. Az a d&#246;nt&#233;s, amely orsz&#225;gunk sors&#225;t meghat&#225;rozza majd, nem egyetlen k&#246;zpontb&#243;l &#233;rkezik; milli&#243;nyi egy&#233;ni m&#233;rlegel&#233;s eredm&#233;nyek&#233;nt &#225;ll &#246;ssze. A t&#225;rsadalmi ellen&#225;ll&#225;s bels&#337; tapasztalatokb&#243;l, helyi konfliktusokb&#243;l &#233;s meg&#233;lt k&#246;z&#246;s val&#243;s&#225;gokb&#243;l &#233;p&#252;l fel; azt nem egy el&#337;re meg&#237;rt forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv fogja alak&#237;tani.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A mell&#233;kelt jelent&#233;s vil&#225;g&#225;ban ez a dimenzi&#243; h&#225;tt&#233;rbe szorul, s&#337;t &#233;rtelmezhetetlen. Ebben az &#246;sszeesk&#252;v&#233;ses gondolkod&#225;sm&#243;dban a vil&#225;g &#225;tl&#225;that&#243;bb&#225; v&#225;lik, ugyanakkor elvesz&#237;ti azt a r&#233;teg&#233;t, amelyben a szabads&#225;g &#233;s az organikus folyamatok a meghat&#225;roz&#243;ak. Ez az a pont, ahol a p&#225;ratlan orosz er&#337;, a figyelemre m&#233;lt&#243; intelligencia &#233;s a mesteri szak&#233;rtelem szerkezeti korl&#225;tba &#252;tk&#246;zik.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A rendszer k&#233;pes lehet arra, hogy hat&#233;konyan azonos&#237;tsa a szervezett cselekv&#233;st, pontosan &#237;rja le az er&#337;forr&#225;sok mozg&#225;s&#225;t &#233;s nagyfok&#250; magabiztoss&#225;ggal &#233;rtelmezze a politikai folyamatokat. Ugyanakkor amikor olyan t&#233;rrel tal&#225;lkozik, amelyben a jelent&#233;sben haszn&#225;lt kateg&#243;ri&#225;k csak r&#233;szben felelnek meg a val&#243;s&#225;gnak, neh&#233;zs&#233;gbe &#252;tk&#246;zik. Ez t&#246;rt&#233;nt az &#250;gynevezett &#8222;sz&#237;nes forradalmak&#8221; eset&#233;ben is &#233;s r&#233;szben e ment&#225;lis korl&#225;t miatt vesz&#237;ti most el Oroszorsz&#225;g a birodalm&#225;t, err&#337;l a folyamatr&#243;l pedig kor&#225;bban m&#225;r r&#233;szletesen &#237;rtam <a href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/igy-vesziti-el-oroszorszag-a-birodalmat-567">itt</a> &#233;s <a href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/igy-vesziti-el-oroszorszag-a-birodalmat-567">itt</a>. Ebben az &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#233;sben a haz&#225;nk ellen foly&#243; pszichol&#243;giai m&#369;velet saj&#225;tos jelent&#233;st nyer, az orosz h&#237;rszerz&#337;k nem csak befoly&#225;solnak azzal, hogy olyan k&#246;zlem&#233;nyeket adnak a honlapjukon amilyeneket; ezeket a dolgokat &#337;k marad&#233;ktalanul el is hiszik.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#201;rdekes dolog, hogy nemzetbiztons&#225;gi jelent&#233;st emlegetnek vezet&#337; korm&#225;nytagok arr&#243;l, hogy a Tisza p&#225;rtot a n&#233;metek &#233;s &#8222;Br&#252;sszel&#8221; p&#233;nzelik. Felt&#233;telezem nem &#233;n vagyok az interneten az egyetlen, aki megtal&#225;lta a fenti orosz jelent&#233;st. Nyilv&#225;n err&#337;l a jelent&#233;sr&#337;l, besz&#225;moltak a korm&#225;ny sz&#225;m&#225;ra, ugyanis id&#337;ben ez az egy&#233;rtelm&#369; els&#337;dleges forr&#225;s, az &#225;ll&#237;t&#243;lagos &#8222;br&#252;sszeli&#8221; &#233;s &#8222;n&#233;met&#8221; p&#233;nzr&#337;l. Rem&#233;lem a korm&#225;nynak jelent&#337; szem&#233;ly az eny&#233;mhez hasonl&#243; sz&#246;vegkritik&#225;val n&#233;zi ezeket az inform&#225;ci&#243;kat.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A k&#233;rd&#233;s &#237;gy v&#225;lik k&#233;zzelfoghat&#243;v&#225;: mi t&#246;rt&#233;nik akkor, amikor ez a szovjet t&#237;pus&#250; gondolkod&#225;si modell olyan t&#225;rsadalmi k&#246;zeggel tal&#225;lkozik, amelyben az emberek saj&#225;t tapasztalataik alapj&#225;n hoznak d&#246;nt&#233;seket &#233;s ahol az ellen&#225;ll&#225;s nem k&#246;zponti utas&#237;t&#225;s nyom&#225;n, hanem bels&#337; ind&#237;ttat&#225;sb&#243;l szervez&#337;dik?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">E tal&#225;lkoz&#225;sok rajzolj&#225;k ki az orosz strat&#233;giai gondolkod&#225;s val&#243;di hat&#225;rait.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Err&#337;l sokat besz&#233;lt Buda P&#233;ter nemzetbiztons&#225;gi szak&#233;rt&#337; is. A besz&#233;lget&#233;s vele ennek kapcs&#225;n <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-13IMQwM7g4">itt</a> megtekinthet&#337;, ill. aj&#225;nlom <a href="https://peterbuda.substack.com/">P&#233;ter blogj&#225;t Substack-en</a>. Aj&#225;nlom tov&#225;bb&#225; az Ukrajn&#225;val kapcsolatos orosz hibrid hadvisel&#233;s &#233;s pszichol&#243;giai m&#369;veletek kapcs&#225;n Peter Pomarentsev &#8222;<a href="https://www.amazon.com/This-Not-Propaganda-Adventures-Against/dp/1541762118">Ez nem propaganda</a>&#8221; c&#237;m&#369; angol nyelv&#369; m&#369;v&#233;t.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ha szeretn&#233;l seg&#237;teni akkor k&#233;rlek iratkozz fel ennek a Substacknek a fizet&#337;s v&#225;ltozat&#225;ra. Minden adom&#225;ny most nagy seg&#237;ts&#233;get jelent!</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">ENGLISH</h3><p style="text-align: justify;">In a recent article, I presented in detail the instruments through which Russian influence operations are conducted in Hungary. Here I will only briefly refer to this multifaceted picture: diplomatic pressure, intelligence activity, cyberattacks, operations in the media space, and mutually reinforcing waves of information. Yet all of this is merely the surface.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In recent weeks, reports have also appeared in the international press&#8212;most notably in The Washington Post and earlier in the Financial Times&#8212;describing alleged Russian plans and intelligence activities in Hungary. These accounts are noteworthy; at the same time, the body of tangible evidence remains limited. In certain respects, the situation recalls historical precedents, above all the case of the Zinoviev Letter, in which British intelligence produced anti-Soviet fabrications to influence elections in the United Kingdom, exploiting the erosion of trust toward Moscow due to fears of subversive Soviet activity.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is worth going one step deeper. Many have asked for concrete evidence. Below, I present a document published on the official platform of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia, which also served as a basis for a widely cited Russian intelligence statement in the Hungarian press, as well as for one of the psychological operations (PSYOP) directed against Hungary. The particular value of this source lies in the fact that it offers an internal glimpse into the mode of thinking within which such operations are conceived.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What follows is a critical deconstruction of this report.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The document opens with the claim that the leadership of the European Union is &#8220;ready to take measures&#8221; to &#8220;remove&#8221; the Hungarian leadership. It later adds that &#8220;significant financial, administrative, media, and lobbying resources are being mobilized&#8221; in order to achieve the desired outcome.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This worldview applies to us the same logic that it applies to Russia itself. Actors are always identifiable, instruments easily recognizable, and objectives entirely clear. In his work on Russian strategic behavior, Graeme P. Herd describes this mode of thinking as a distinctive structure. According to his analysis, decision-making in Russia is shaped by the unity of historical experience and self-image, intelligence-operational logic, and the functioning of the state; as a result, politics appears to them as a sequence of such (intelligence) operations in every instance. The attached report is best interpreted within this logic.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Within the Russian state-security worldview, power can only be centralized, and action can only be directed. There is no alternative path. Political change is understood as an organized process sustained by resources and networks. The report places particular emphasis on the claim that the Ukrainian side has also &#8220;actively engaged&#8221; in efforts to remove the Hungarian government, with the aim of &#8220;destabilizing the situation&#8221; through various means. At this point, the system reaches a tension with other possible forms of reality. Before criticism arises, it must be noted that unfriendly steps have indeed been taken by Ukraine toward Hungary; this is a fact, and the question of &#8220;who started it&#8221; is of a kind I will not address here. Those with diplomatic sensibility should be speaking about reducing tensions and limiting escalation. Anticipating another line of critique, I would also note that the leader of the opposition&#8212;like the governing party&#8217;s Members of the European Parliament&#8212;receives his salary from the European Parliament. Beyond this, nothing further can be substantiated from the accusation of &#8220;Brussels money.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are cultures&#8212;in fact, most cultures operate this way&#8212;in which political processes are not organized along lines of centralized control. In such systems, individual decisions, the dynamics of local communities, broader social and economic factors, and spontaneously emerging forms of resistance shape events. Political space, in reality, is a multi-actor process in which directions are constantly evolving. This difference is not merely theoretical. The decision that will ultimately determine the fate of our country will not arrive from a single center; it will emerge from millions of individual judgments. Social resistance is built from lived experience, local conflicts, and shared realities&#8212;it will not be shaped by a pre-written script.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the world of the report, this dimension recedes into the background&#8212;indeed, it becomes unintelligible. Within this conspiratorial mode of thinking, the world becomes more transparent, yet it loses the layer in which freedom and organic processes are decisive. This is the point at which remarkable Russian strength, notable intelligence, and masterful expertise encounter a structural limit.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The system may be capable of effectively identifying organized action, precisely describing the movement of resources, and interpreting political processes with a high degree of confidence. Yet when it encounters a space in which the categories it employs correspond only partially to reality, it runs into difficulty. This was also the case with the so-called &#8220;color revolutions,&#8221; and it is in part due to this mental limitation that Russia is now losing its empire&#8212;a process I have discussed in detail elsewhere. In this context, the psychological operation directed against Hungary takes on a particular meaning: Russian intelligence officers do not merely influence by publishing such statements on their official platforms&#8212;they also fully believe in them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is a curious development that leading members of the government refer to a national security report claiming that the Tisza Party is financed by Germany and &#8220;Brussels.&#8221; I assume I am not the only person on the internet who has found the aforementioned Russian report. It is reasonable to assume that this document has been reported to the government, as it constitutes the primary source for the alleged &#8220;Brussels&#8221; and &#8220;German&#8221; funding. One can only hope that those briefing the government approach such information with a level of textual criticism similar to that applied here.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The question thus becomes tangible: what happens when this Soviet-type model of thinking encounters a social environment in which individuals make decisions based on their own experiences, and where resistance emerges from internal motivation rather than central instruction?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is these encounters that delineate the real limits of Russian strategic thinking.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">P&#233;ter Buda has spoken extensively about this as well; his discussion on the subject is available, and I also recommend his Substack blog. In addition, for Russian hybrid warfare and psychological operations in relation to Ukraine, I recommend Peter Pomerantsev&#8217;s book This Is Not Propaganda.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">If you would like to support my work, please consider subscribing to the paid version of this Substack. Every contribution is of great help at this moment.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Csatatér: Budapest - Válaszok a kritikákra / Battlefield: Budapest – Responses to the Criticisms]]></title><description><![CDATA[P&#233;ld&#225;tlan orosz m&#369;velet a magyar v&#225;laszt&#225;sok befoly&#225;sol&#225;s&#225;ra II. / Russian Operation to Influence the Hungarian Elections II.]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/csatater-budapest-valaszok-a-kritikakra</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/csatater-budapest-valaszok-a-kritikakra</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 15:13:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A <a href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/battlefield-budapest-an-unprecedented">legut&#243;bbi &#237;r&#225;som</a> jelent&#337;s visszhangot v&#225;ltott ki a m&#233;di&#225;ban. T&#246;bb mint huszon&#246;t cikk foglalkozott vele, telev&#237;zi&#243;s m&#369;sorokban is sz&#243;ba ker&#252;lt, s&#337;t a rom&#225;n &#233;s angol nyelv&#369; m&#233;di&#225;ban is eml&#237;t&#233;sre ker&#252;lt. Most lehet&#337;s&#233;gem ny&#237;lik arra, hogy a felvetett kritik&#225;kra reag&#225;ljak.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg" width="591" height="572.1909547738693" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:578,&quot;width&quot;:597,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:591,&quot;bytes&quot;:53103,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/i/192741631?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nda1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd61fa200-25c0-418b-85d0-5d07d2658a84_597x578.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>A k&#233;p forr&#225;sa: Pinterest - Pathologic 3.</em></p><p>Az ATV m&#225;rcius 16-i <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBRtm7QGOwg&amp;t=1835s">Aktu&#225;l c&#237;m&#369; m&#369;sor&#225;ban</a> Slanger M&#225;rton arr&#243;l besz&#233;lt, hogy elismeri ugyan az orosz jelenl&#233;tet, &#225;m nem tartja er&#337;snek azokat a dimenzi&#243;kat az orosz beavatkoz&#225;s kapcs&#225;n, amelyeket eml&#237;tettem. K&#237;v&#225;ncsi lenn&#233;k, hogy milyen szempontokkal eg&#233;sz&#237;ten&#233; ki Slanger &#250;r az elemz&#233;semet.</p><p>Ugyanebben a m&#369;sorban egy &#8222;&#250;js&#225;g&#237;r&#243;&#8221; szerint az orosz narrat&#237;va nem jelenik meg Magyarorsz&#225;gon. A narrat&#237;v&#225;k jelenl&#233;te nem kiz&#225;r&#243;lag direkt form&#225;ban m&#233;rhet&#337;. A k&#246;zvetett tematiz&#225;ci&#243;, a hangs&#250;lyeltol&#225;s &#233;s a visszat&#233;r&#337; &#233;rtelmez&#233;si keretek, vagy inform&#225;ci&#243;k elhint&#233;se ugyan&#250;gy a hat&#225;s r&#233;szei, ezeket a szempontokat a folyamatok ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#243;i is figyelembe veszik. A magyar eset saj&#225;toss&#225;ga a diplom&#225;ciai, m&#233;diat&#233;ri &#233;s h&#237;rszerz&#233;si elemek egym&#225;st er&#337;s&#237;t&#337; jelenl&#233;te. Nem egyetlen eszk&#246;z s&#250;lya, hanem az &#246;sszk&#233;p szerkezete a meghat&#225;roz&#243;. A k&#233;rd&#233;s nem az, hogy sz&#243; szerint megjelenik-e egy adott &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s, hanem hogy milyen &#233;rtelmez&#233;si mez&#337; alakul ki. Gr&#250;zi&#225;ban nagyon hasonl&#243; &#8211; indirekt &#8211; m&#243;don m&#369;k&#246;dnek az orosz pszichol&#243;giai m&#369;veletek. A pszichol&#243;giai m&#369;veletekr&#337;l szeretn&#233;m aj&#225;nlani ennek a kolleg&#225;nak a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yErKTVdETpw">Jurij Bezmenov volt KGB tiszttel k&#233;sz&#252;lt interj&#250;t</a>, amely r&#225;vil&#225;g&#237;t ezeknek a m&#369;veleteknek a k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; dimenzi&#243;ira, valamint a 2014 ut&#225;ni eddigi orosz beavatkoz&#225;sokr&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; bibliogr&#225;fi&#225;t, amit ennek a cikknek a v&#233;g&#233;n helyeztem el. (Ez nem teljesk&#246;r&#369;, ugyanis a t&#233;m&#225;val k&#246;nyvt&#225;rakat lehetne megt&#246;lteni.) Ez az &#8222;&#250;js&#225;g&#237;r&#243;&#8221; arr&#243;l is besz&#233;lt, hogy &#8222;bizony&#237;t&#225;st nyert&#8221; a 2019-es Mueller-jelent&#233;s &#225;ltal, hogy 2016-ban, nem t&#246;rt&#233;nt orosz beavatkoz&#225;s az amerikai v&#225;laszt&#225;sokba.</p><p>Azonban az &#225;ltala id&#233;zni v&#233;lt <a href="https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/dl?inline=">dokumentum</a> &#237;gy kezd&#337;dik:</p><h3><em>&#8222;Az orosz korm&#225;ny &#225;tfog&#243; &#233;s rendszerszint&#369; m&#243;don avatkozott be a 2016-os eln&#246;kv&#225;laszt&#225;sba.&#8221;</em></h3><p>Szeretn&#233;m jelezni minden olvas&#243;nak, hogy az &#250;n. val&#243;s&#225;gban a dokumentum az els&#337; oldalon bizony&#237;tja a rendk&#237;v&#252;li orosz beavatkoz&#225;st az amerikai v&#225;laszt&#225;sba. A t&#233;m&#225;ban aj&#225;nlom a jelent&#233;s mellett a kicsit olvasm&#225;nyosabb <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Roulette-Inside-America-Election/dp/1538728753">Orosz rulett: Putyin Amerika elleni h&#225;bor&#250;j&#225;nak &#233;s Donald Trump megv&#225;laszt&#225;s&#225;nak bels&#337; t&#246;rt&#233;nete</a> c. k&#246;nyvet angolul, &#233;s a <a href="https://moly.hu/konyvek/yvonne-hofstetter-lathatatlan-haboru">L&#225;thatatlan h&#225;bor&#250;</a> c. magyarul is megjelent k&#246;tetet. &#214;sszehasonl&#237;t&#225;sra aj&#225;nlom az orosz beavatkoz&#225;sok t&#233;m&#225;j&#225;ban azokat az &#237;r&#225;sokat is, amiket a konzervat&#237;v Heritage Foundation levelez&#337;list&#225;j&#225;r&#243;l osztottak meg velem kor&#225;bban a <a href="https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/moldova-defies-russian-interference/">moldovai</a> &#233;s a <a href="https://civicidea.ge/en/russian-ties-of-georgian-dream-donors-market-dependency-and-state-favored-financial-benefits/">gr&#250;ziai</a> orosz beavatkoz&#225;sr&#243;l.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>G&#225;sp&#225;r Andr&#225;s az <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-KuYotFqTE&amp;t=301s">ATV Start c. m&#369;sor&#225;ban</a> &#250;gy fogalmazott, hogy ez nem felt&#233;tlen&#252;l a legl&#225;tv&#225;nyosabb v&#225;laszt&#225;si beavatkoz&#225;s Eur&#243;p&#225;ban. Ebben nem &#233;rt&#252;nk egyet, ugyanakkor k&#246;sz&#246;n&#246;m, hogy elismerte a szakmai felk&#233;sz&#252;lts&#233;gemet.</p><p>T&#246;bb kritika &#233;rte azt, hogy az ukr&#225;n &#233;s &#8222;nyugati&#8221; befoly&#225;sol&#225;st nem hangs&#250;lyozom kell&#337;en. Ezek r&#233;szben jogos &#233;szrev&#233;telek. A nyom&#225;sgyakorl&#225;s ezen form&#225;i is l&#233;teznek. Ugyanakkor tov&#225;bbra is nyitott k&#233;rd&#233;s sz&#225;momra, hogy bemutathat&#243;-e az oroszhoz m&#233;rhet&#337; intenzit&#225;s&#250; &#233;s szervezetts&#233;g&#369; m&#369;velet m&#225;s szerepl&#337;k r&#233;sz&#233;r&#337;l haz&#225;nkban, vagy az EU-n bel&#252;l. Ha igen, annak felt&#225;r&#225;sa fontos lenne. &#193;ll&#225;spontom szerint k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;get kell tenni a politikai t&#225;mogat&#225;s &#233;s a hibrid m&#369;veleti k&#246;rnyezet kialak&#237;t&#225;sa k&#246;z&#246;tt. A Washington Post &#8222;Gamechanger&#8221; jelent&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l &#233;s a Financial Times GRU-tisztekr&#337;l sz&#243;l&#243; &#233;rtes&#252;l&#233;sei kapcs&#225;n is indokolt az &#243;vatoss&#225;g; jelenleg nehezen meg&#237;t&#233;lhet&#337; a hiteless&#233;ge ezeknek az inform&#225;ci&#243;knak (nemr&#233;g &#237;rtam a Zinovjev-t&#225;viratr&#243;l). Azt is fontos megjegyezni, hogy a &#8222;Nyugat&#8221; t&#246;rt&#233;nelme folyam&#225;n sz&#225;mos esetben idegen&#237;tett el kisebb, region&#225;lis hatalmakat mag&#225;t&#243;l &#233;s t&#246;rt&#233;ntek s&#250;lyos beavatkoz&#225;sok, illetve emberis&#233;g elleni b&#369;ncselekm&#233;nyek ebb&#337;l a blokkb&#243;l is. A nyugati szolg&#225;latok ellentmond&#225;sos m&#369;veleteir&#337;l t&#225;j&#233;koz&#243;d&#225;sk&#233;pp mindenki sz&#225;m&#225;ra aj&#225;nlom David Talbot-t&#243;l <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Devils-Chessboard-Dulles-Americas-Government/dp/0062276174">&#8222;Az &#246;rd&#246;g sakkt&#225;bl&#225;ja&#8221;</a> c. m&#369;vet.</p><p>Magyar &#225;llampolg&#225;rk&#233;nt Ukrajna &#233;s a nyugati kapcsolatok kontextus&#225;ban is j&#243;val fontosabb a belpolitikai felel&#337;ss&#233;g, ahogyan az orosz esetben is.</p><p>Csak n&#233;h&#225;ny k&#233;rd&#233;s:</p><p>1, N&#233;gy &#233;v elegend&#337; id&#337; lett volna az alternat&#237;v megold&#225;sok kialak&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra energia&#252;gyben. Olyanokra, amik nem konkr&#233;t h&#225;bor&#250;s z&#243;n&#225;n mennek kereszt&#252;l. Ennek hi&#225;nya strat&#233;giai tervez&#233;si probl&#233;m&#225;ra utal. Mi&#233;rt nincs ma m&#369;k&#246;d&#337; megold&#225;s?</p><p>2, H&#225;bor&#250;s k&#246;rnyezetben az &#225;llamok priorit&#225;sai sz&#369;k&#252;lnek. A politikai viszonyok k&#246;zvetlen hat&#225;ssal vannak az egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s szintj&#233;re. Az ukr&#225;nellenes elemeket k&#233;rdezem, egy pillanatra k&#237;v&#252;l tekintve a saj&#225;t n&#233;z&#337;pontunkon: &#246;n&#246;k seg&#237;ten&#233;nek Zelenszkij hely&#233;ben a magyar v&#225;laszt&#225;sok idej&#233;n?</p><p>3, &#8222;Szerz&#337;d&#233;s&#252;nk van r&#243;la.&#8221; A jogi &#233;rvel&#233;s csak akkor hat&#233;kony, ha m&#246;g&#246;tte politikai &#233;s sz&#246;vets&#233;gi t&#225;mogat&#225;s &#225;ll. Ennek hi&#225;nya cs&#246;kkenti az &#233;rv&#233;nyes&#237;thet&#337;s&#233;get. Ha pedig ilyen nincs, akkor k&#233;rdezem &#233;n, hogy milyen alapon &#233;rhet&#337; el a k&#233;nyszer&#237;t&#233;s? Kinek a felel&#337;ss&#233;ge, hogy a magyar korm&#225;ny &#225;ll&#225;spontja nem tal&#225;l &#233;rdemi t&#225;mogat&#225;sra sem az EU-ban, sem az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamokban?</p><p>4, Amennyiben itt &#8222;nyugati&#8221; m&#369;veletek zajlanak &#233;rdemes feltenni a k&#233;rd&#233;st: mi provok&#225;ltak a sz&#246;vets&#233;geseket od&#225;ig, hogy ilyesmiket tegyenek? Mi tov&#225;bb&#225; az a re&#225;lis diplom&#225;ciai vagy politikai l&#233;p&#233;s, amely pl. a k&#337;olajvezet&#233;k helyre&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;s&#225;hoz &#233;s az uni&#243;s forr&#225;sokhoz val&#243; hozz&#225;f&#233;r&#233;shez vezetne?</p><p>Diplom&#225;ciai megold&#225;s csak olyan t&#233;rben k&#233;pzelhet&#337; el, ahol a felek minim&#225;lis bizalommal rendelkeznek egym&#225;s ir&#225;nt. Az nem ukr&#225;np&#225;rtis&#225;g, hogy azt mondjuk, hogy m&#225;rpedig itt t&#225;rgyal&#225;sos megold&#225;sra &#233;s j&#243;zans&#225;gra lett volna sz&#252;ks&#233;g, nem tov&#225;bbi eszkal&#225;ci&#243;s ciklusra, majd k&#246;ny&#246;rg&#233;sre Kijevben &#233;s az EU int&#233;zm&#233;nyeiben.</p><p>Nem k&#237;v&#225;nok az ukr&#225;n nemzeti lobog&#243;ba &#246;lt&#246;zk&#246;dni. A nyelvt&#246;rv&#233;ny, a Turul-szobor elt&#225;vol&#237;t&#225;sa, a minisztereln&#246;k megfenyeget&#233;se mind bizony&#237;tj&#225;k az ukr&#225;n k&#252;lpolitika minimum v&#225;ltoz&#243; (de ink&#225;bb alacsony) min&#337;s&#233;g&#233;t. Ennek a rel&#225;ci&#243;nak a rendbet&#233;tel&#233;hez realizmusra &#233;s komoly szak&#233;rtelemre van sz&#252;ks&#233;g. Azt azonban neh&#233;z &#233;rtelmezni, mik&#233;nt illeszkedik a realista k&#252;lpolitik&#225;ba egy olyan l&#233;p&#233;s, amikor a TEK egy &#8211; mindk&#233;t f&#233;l &#225;ltal leg&#225;lisnak elismert &#8211; banki sz&#225;ll&#237;tm&#225;nyt &#225;ll&#237;t meg, elfogja a szem&#233;lyzetet, majd v&#225;demel&#233;s n&#233;lk&#252;l elengedi &#337;ket. Ez se nem a b&#233;ke, se nem az er&#337; &#250;tja. Egy &#233;ve m&#233;g azzal sz&#233;d&#237;tett&#233;k a magyar t&#225;rsadalmat, hogy itt lesz a b&#233;keszerz&#337;d&#233;s al&#225;&#237;r&#225;sa, olyan diplom&#225;ciai tud&#225;sb&#225;zis van itt.</p><p>Nem lett, ezek ut&#225;n pedig itt biztosan nem lesz. Val&#243;di meg&#225;llapod&#225;shoz semleges terep kell &#8211; erre az arab vil&#225;g objekt&#237;ve alkalmasabb k&#246;rnyezetet k&#237;n&#225;l.</p><p>Aki &#233;rtette az ezt megel&#337;z&#337; cikkemet, rem&#233;lem az azt is bel&#225;tja, hogy a Belaruszban 2020-ban &#233;s n&#225;lunk &#8217;56-ban megval&#243;sult forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv ma kiz&#225;rt. Ennek oka egyr&#233;szt az, hogy az orosz hat&#225;rok &#233;s Magyarorsz&#225;g k&#246;z&#246;tt ott van Ukrajna &#8211; f&#252;ggetlen&#252;l att&#243;l, ki mit gondol ennek az orsz&#225;gnak a vezet&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l; m&#225;sr&#233;szt az, hogy az EU &#233;s a NATO r&#233;szei vagyunk. Ezt a keretet a korm&#225;nyf&#337; a posztom publik&#225;l&#225;sa &#243;ta <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-r3FMW1Sbc">2026. m&#225;rcius 17-&#233;n ny&#237;ltan megk&#233;rd&#337;jelezte</a>.</p><p>A k&#233;rd&#233;seket tov&#225;bb lehetne folytatni, de ez a munka ink&#225;bb &#250;js&#225;g&#237;r&#243;i term&#233;szet&#369;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>Ha szeretn&#233;d seg&#237;teni a munk&#225;mat k&#233;rlek iratkozz fel a blogom az el&#337;fizet&#233;ses v&#225;ltozat&#225;ra, most minden adom&#225;ny rengeteget sz&#225;m&#237;t!</p><h3>ENGLISH</h3><p>My most recent article generated significant media attention. More than twenty-five pieces engaged with it, it was discussed in television programs, and it was even mentioned in Romanian and English-language media. I now have the opportunity to respond to the criticisms that have been raised.</p><p>In the March 16 broadcast of ATV&#8217;s Aktu&#225;l, M&#225;rton Slanger acknowledged the Russian presence, yet argued that the dimensions of Russian interference I outlined were not particularly strong. I would be interested to see which criteria Mr. Slanger would add to complement my analysis.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>In the same program, a &#8220;journalist&#8221; claimed that the Russian narrative is not present in Hungary. The presence of narratives cannot be measured solely in direct form. Indirect agenda-setting, shifts in emphasis, recurring interpretive frames, or the seeding of information are all part of the impact&#8212;and those directing such processes take these dimensions into account. The Hungarian case is defined by the mutually reinforcing presence of diplomatic, media, and intelligence elements. It is not the weight of a single instrument that matters, but the structure of the whole. The question is not whether a given claim appears verbatim, but what kind of interpretive field takes shape. In Georgia, Russian psychological operations function in a very similar&#8212;indirect&#8212;manner. On this subject, I would recommend to that colleague the interview with former KGB officer Yuri Bezmenov, which sheds light on the various dimensions of such operations, as well as the bibliography on Russian interventions since 2014 that I have included at the end of this article. (It is far from exhaustive; entire libraries could be filled on the subject.) This same &#8220;journalist&#8221; also claimed that the 2019 Mueller Report had &#8220;proven&#8221; that no Russian interference took place in the 2016 U.S. election.</p><p>Yet the very document he purported to cite begins as follows:</p><h3><em>&#8220;The Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election in sweeping and systematic fashion.&#8221;</em></h3><p>I would like to note for all readers that, in what we might call reality, the document establishes extraordinary Russian interference on its very first page. Beyond the report itself, I recommend the more accessible Russian Roulette: The Inside Story of Putin&#8217;s War on America and the Election of Donald Trump, as well as the volume Invisible War, available in Hungarian. For comparison, I would also point to analyses of Russian interference in Moldova and Georgia that were previously shared with me from the mailing list of the conservative Heritage Foundation.</p><p>In ATV&#8217;s Start program, Andr&#225;s G&#225;sp&#225;r remarked that this may not be the most spectacular case of electoral interference in Europe. On this point, we disagree; nonetheless, I appreciate his acknowledgment of my professional preparedness.</p><p>Several criticisms addressed my insufficient emphasis on Ukrainian and &#8220;Western&#8221; influence. These are, in part, valid observations. Such forms of pressure do exist. At the same time, it remains an open question whether an operation of comparable intensity and organization to the Russian one can be demonstrated on the part of other actors in Hungary or within the European Union. If so, its examination would be essential. In my view, a distinction must be drawn between political support and the construction of a hybrid operational environment. Caution is also warranted regarding the Washington Post&#8217;s &#8220;Gamechanger&#8221; report and the Financial Times&#8217; reporting on GRU officers; at present, the credibility of these claims is difficult to assess (I have recently written about the Zinoviev Letter in this context). It is also worth recalling that throughout its history, the &#8220;West&#8221; has repeatedly alienated smaller regional powers and has itself been responsible for serious interventions and crimes against humanity. For a broader perspective on the controversial operations of Western intelligence services, I recommend David Talbot&#8217;s The Devil&#8217;s Chessboard.</p><p>As a Hungarian citizen, I consider domestic political responsibility to be far more significant in the context of both Ukraine and Western relations&#8212;just as it is in the Russian case.</p><p>A few questions follow:</p><p>1. Four years would have been sufficient to develop alternative solutions in the field of energy&#8212;solutions that do not pass through an active war zone. The absence of such alternatives points to a problem of strategic planning. Why is there no functioning solution today?</p><p>2. In a wartime environment, state priorities narrow. Political relations directly affect the level of cooperation. To those advancing anti-Ukrainian positions, I ask&#8212;if only for a moment stepping outside our own perspective: in Zelensky&#8217;s place, would you assist during Hungarian elections?</p><p>3. &#8220;We have a treaty.&#8221; Legal arguments are effective only when backed by political and alliance support. In its absence, enforceability diminishes. If such support is lacking, on what basis can coercion be achieved? Whose responsibility is it that the Hungarian government&#8217;s position finds no meaningful backing either within the EU or in the United States?</p><p>4. If &#8220;Western&#8221; operations are indeed taking place, it is worth asking: what provoked allies to act in such a way? And what realistic diplomatic or political steps would lead, for example, to the restoration of the oil pipeline and access to EU funds?</p><p>Diplomatic solutions can only emerge in a space where the parties retain at least minimal trust in one another. It is not a pro-Ukrainian stance to argue that what was needed here was negotiation and sobriety, rather than an additional cycle of escalation followed by appeals in Kyiv and within EU institutions.</p><p>I have no intention of wrapping myself in the Ukrainian national flag. The language law, the removal of the Turul statue, and the threats directed at the prime minister all point to a fluctuating&#8212;if not outright low&#8212;quality in Ukrainian foreign policy. Restoring this relationship requires realism and serious expertise. At the same time, it is difficult to interpret how a move such as the interception of a bank shipment&#8212;recognized as legal by both parties&#8212;by Hungary&#8217;s Counter Terrorism Centre, the detention of its personnel, and their subsequent release without charges fits into a realist foreign policy framework. This is neither the path of peace nor that of strength. A year ago, Hungarian society was led to believe that the signing of a peace agreement would take place here, supported by a formidable diplomatic knowledge base.</p><p>It did not&#8212;and under these circumstances, it certainly will not. A genuine agreement requires neutral ground; in this respect, the Arab world offers, objectively, a more suitable environment.</p><p>Those who understood my previous article will, I hope, also recognize that the scenarios seen in Belarus in 2020 and in Hungary in 1956 are excluded today. One reason is geographical: Ukraine lies between Russia and Hungary, regardless of what one thinks of its leadership. The other is institutional: we are members of both the EU and NATO. This framework was openly questioned by the prime minister on March 17, 2026, following the publication of my post.</p><p>The questions could be extended further, yet this is already work of a more journalistic nature.</p><p>If you would like to support my work, please consider subscribing to the paid version of my blog&#8212;at present, every contribution matters.</p><p><strong>Tov&#225;bbi aj&#225;nlott olvasm&#225;nyok</strong></p><p>Bieber, F., &amp; Tzifakis, N. (2025). Foreign influence challenges: Corrosive capital and disinformation in the Western Balkans. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies.</p><p>Burmester, I. (2026). The role of external interference in the politicisation of EU integration: Evidence from Moldova. Journal of European Public Policy.</p><p>Delcour, L., &amp; Wolczuk, K. (2024). Hybrid regimes and foreign interference in the Eastern neighbourhood. East European Politics.</p><p>Flachenecker, P., et al. (2025). Anticipating foreign malign influence in EU candidate countries. REUNIR Working Paper Series.</p><p>Gheciu, A., &amp; Wohlforth, W. (2023). Information warfare laboratories: Comparing Russian disinformation operations in Romania. Connections: The Quarterly Journal.</p><p>Kar&#225;&#353;kov&#225;, I., &amp; B&#275;rzi&#326;a-&#268;erenkova, U. A. (2023). Foreign electoral interference affecting EU democratic processes. European Parliament Study.</p><p>Longhurst, K. (2024). From neighbour to member: Assessing Moldova&#8217;s EU membership perspectives. Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics, 10(2), 1&#8211;20.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Battlefield: Budapest - An Unprecedented Russian Operation to Influence the Hungarian Elections / Csatatér: Budapest - Példátlan orosz művelet a magyar választások befolyásolására]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#8220;If not us, then who? If not now, then when?&#8221; / &#8222;Ha nem mi, akkor ki? Ha nem most, akkor mikor?&#8221;]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/battlefield-budapest-an-unprecedented</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/battlefield-budapest-an-unprecedented</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 14 Mar 2026 02:06:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sober judgment must be preserved, and foreign interference must not be exaggerated. The messages that ultimately lead voters to the ballot box are not decided in Moscow, Kyiv, or Washington&#8212;and certainly not in Brussels, which does not even possess its own intelligence service. They are formed in the minds of the voters themselves. Responsibility belongs to them.</p><p>Whatever we may think about their judgment, the final outcome cannot be blamed on foreign powers. The result is ours&#8212;unless the ballots themselves are falsified. (The Romanian example, in any case, is not one I consider desirable.)</p><p>Nor would it represent a victory for Moscow if its behavior pushed the majority of voters to support candidates opposed to its interests. A victory for Soviet-style thinking would occur if, after a close election, a large part of society began to question the integrity and validity of the vote itself.</p><p>It is in the interest of the entire society that Russia&#8217;s hybrid war against Europe&#8212;intertwined with the war in Ukraine yet not identical to it&#8212;should not become another straw man within our own political thinking. Such a straw man would play the same role here that conspiracy theories about so-called &#8220;color revolutions&#8221; play elsewhere: explanations incapable of recognizing genuine social pressure emerging from below.</p><p>Just as the &#8220;chained dogs of imperialism&#8221; once had their limits, so too do the Russians. Moscow can in reality only work with social forces that already exist.</p><p>Even so, they must not be underestimated.</p><p>Russian interference in the Hungarian elections&#8212;in its scale, methods, and sophistication&#8212;is without precedent within the European Union.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg" width="1176" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1176,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139587,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/i/190902304?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oo6q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8ec71cc-07c6-4b21-8ff8-b9c53f03c5ca_1176x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>The Known Dimensions of the Russian Operation</h3><p><strong>1. Diplomatic pressure.</strong><br>The Russian president essentially threatened Hungary with the withdrawal of energy supplies should the country fail to elect leadership favorable to Moscow. This is a fact. Good blackmail rarely sounds like blackmail.</p><p><strong>2. Intelligence influence operations.</strong><br>Russia&#8217;s Foreign Intelligence Service publicly claimed, in an open letter, that the Tisza Party was financed by &#8220;Brussels.&#8221; The claim was made without presenting any evidence.</p><p><strong>3. &#8220;The Three Musketeers.&#8221;</strong><br>The possible involvement of Russian military intelligence officers in the influence operation has also been raised. Their precise role remains uncertain. According to anonymous sources within the Hungarian parliament&#8217;s national security committee, Hungarian services received indications pointing in this direction, though there is no confirmation that these individuals are actually present in the country.</p><p><strong>4. Cyberattacks.</strong><br>Opposition activists have been targeted by intimidation campaigns in which their personal data and home addresses were made public. This is a fact, although identifying the perpetrators remains difficult.</p><p>Even basic common sense suggests that very few actors besides Russia would have an interest in carrying out such operations. It is conceivable that certain domestic actors might benefit politically from them, yet I do not attribute the execution of these attacks to them.</p><p>There were also mass bomb threats directed at schools&#8212;a fact that required access to large quantities of school addresses. Attribution remains difficult, but one hopes that the pattern will eventually become clear.</p><p>The cyber domain also includes the well-known attack against the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Long before the scandal became public, it was already widely known among diplomats&#8212;I was working there at the time. What surprised us was the scale of the attack and the leadership&#8217;s response.</p><p>Previously, independent media outlets critical of the government had also suffered distributed denial-of-service attacks.</p><p><strong>5. Mass reproduction of Russian media materials.</strong><br>Certain Hungarian media outlets have repeatedly reproduced Russian press reports almost word for word, often in mirror translation. This is a fact. In some cases fragments of the original Russian text even remained in Latin transliteration. It would be amusing if it were not tragic.</p><p><strong>6. Use of artificial intelligence.</strong><br>Russian units are also employing artificial intelligence in influence operations. Identifying the perpetrators becomes even more difficult in such cases.</p><p><strong>7. Automated account networks (bot farms).</strong><br>The evidence here is weaker, yet similar networks have already been documented in Moldova and Romania.</p><p><strong>8. Messaging through social media.</strong><br>The Russian embassy has engaged in public exchanges with the opposition on social platforms, without any apparent intention of calming the situation.</p><p><strong>9. Paid influencers.</strong><br>At present this remains a circulating assumption, though precedents exist. One example is the network linked to Lauren Chen, which reportedly received hundreds of thousands of dollars from the Russian government to flood social media with pro-Russian information operations. Before her arrest she also visited Hungary, where she attended a festival.</p><p>These elements reinforce each other and point to both central coordination and local organization. According to information reported by the <em>Financial Times</em>, the operation is coordinated by an organization known as the <strong>Social Design Agency</strong>.</p><h3>Not Propaganda&#8212;Information and Psychological Operations</h3><p>Let us forget the word &#8220;propaganda&#8221; once and for all. In certain expert circles it is even shortened into casual slang&#8212;as if misleading people were something amusing.</p><p>This is not propaganda.</p><p>These are <strong>information and psychological operations</strong>.</p><h3>The Broader Context</h3><p>One can only wish success to the professionals of the Hungarian national security services. Their work will ensure that the next government possesses the necessary information to counter the Russian threat effectively and to hold traitors accountable.</p><p>Moscow is a beautiful city&#8212;I once lived there. The unknown Ephialteses will find it pleasant as well. There is strong suspicion that many such figures exist; the copying of Russian texts into Hungarian public media alone suggests as much&#8212;unless it is merely the result of embarrassingly incompetent editorial work.</p><p>The full picture will only emerge well after the elections. Yet even the enumeration of these so-called &#8220;active measures&#8221; raises a question:</p><p>Can anyone&#8212;any expert or researcher&#8212;name a documented influence campaign over the past thirty-six years, either in Hungary or elsewhere in the European Union, that was comparable in scale?</p><p>I do not resent the Russians. They pursue their interests. One can respect an opponent who fights a hard battle and does not hide behind cowardly silence.</p><p>Who bears responsibility for Hungary becoming a secondary theater of the Russian-Ukrainian war is not something I intend to examine in detail here.</p><p>History will do that.</p><p>One point, however, deserves to be noted. Moscow is fighting with every available tool because Budapest has, over the past four years, adopted an extremely anti-community posture that simultaneously served the objectives of the war against Ukraine and the aims of hybrid warfare against the European Union and NATO. Russia wishes to preserve this situation&#8212;almost at any cost.</p><p>As the Kremlin&#8217;s allies slip from its grasp&#8212;Venezuela, Syria, Iran&#8212;and as its relationships with former Soviet client states deteriorate, maintaining the current political clientele in power becomes a priority of Russian state security. Even lay observers should have little difficulty recognizing this.</p><p>We must remember: we are not the ultimate target. One of the primary goals of hybrid warfare is to undermine&#8212;and ultimately hollow out&#8212;the credibility of Europe&#8217;s collective defense system. That would directly affect the personal security of every Hungarian citizen.</p><p>Since the democratic transition, European unity has never been more important.</p><h3>On Escalation</h3><p>After the prime minister&#8217;s obviously staged telephone scene, many people have asked whether escalation is likely.</p><p>Mass arrests in the Russian style.<br>An assassination attempt against P&#233;ter Magyar.<br>A staged attack&#8212;or the appearance of one.<br>A mysterious Russian drone.<br>A Ukrainian drone.</p><p>People imagine various extraordinary scenarios.</p><p>In my view, none of them appears particularly likely.</p><p>The only somewhat credible rumors I have heard&#8212;through interior-ministry sources&#8212;concern possible police &#8220;inspections&#8221; planned for election day. Even those should not be exaggerated.</p><h3>A Final Thought</h3><p>Neither propaganda, intimidation, nor armies are sufficient to break a society that feels it has nothing left to lose&#8212;one whose members stand together and are prepared to resist to the very end.</p><p>The weight of a text is determined by the risk its author assumes in writing it.</p><p>The arguments above should be considered in that light.</p><p><strong>Please share this message. It matters.</strong></p><p>Hail to the Motherland!</p><p></p><p>MAGYAR</p><p></p><p>&#8222;Ha nem mi, akkor ki? Ha nem most, akkor mikor?&#8221;</p><p>A j&#243;zan &#237;t&#233;l&#337;k&#233;pess&#233;get meg kell &#337;rizni &#233;s a k&#252;lf&#246;ldi beavatkoz&#225;st sem szabad t&#250;lzott jelent&#337;s&#233;ggel felruh&#225;zni. Azok az &#252;zenetek, amelyek v&#233;g&#252;l az urn&#225;khoz viszik a v&#225;laszt&#243;kat, nem Moszkv&#225;ban, Kijevben vagy Washingtonban d&#337;lnek el, &#233;s k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen nem Br&#252;sszelben, amelynek m&#233;g saj&#225;t titkosszolg&#225;lata sincs. Ezek az emberek fej&#233;ben sz&#252;letnek meg. A felel&#337;ss&#233;g a v&#225;laszt&#243;k&#233;. B&#225;rmit gondoljunk is az &#237;t&#233;l&#337;k&#233;pess&#233;g&#252;kr&#337;l, a v&#233;geredm&#233;ny&#233;rt nem lehet k&#252;lf&#246;ldi hatalmat okolni. Az eredm&#233;ny a mi&#233;nk &#8211; am&#237;g a szavaz&#243;lapokat meg nem hamis&#237;tj&#225;k. (A rom&#225;n p&#233;ld&#225;t mindenesetre nem tartom k&#237;v&#225;natosnak.)</p><p>Moszkva sz&#225;m&#225;ra sem jelentene gy&#337;zelmet, ha viselked&#233;se arra k&#233;sztetn&#233; a v&#225;laszt&#243;k t&#246;bbs&#233;g&#233;t, hogy az &#225;ltala t&#225;mogatott jel&#246;ltek ellen szavazzanak. Gy&#337;zelem lenne viszont a szovjet t&#237;pus&#250; gondolkod&#225;s sz&#225;m&#225;ra, ha egy szoros eredm&#233;ny k&#246;vetkezt&#233;ben a t&#225;rsadalom jelent&#337;s r&#233;sze mag&#225;nak a v&#225;laszt&#225;snak a tisztas&#225;g&#225;t &#233;s &#233;rv&#233;nyess&#233;g&#233;t kezden&#233; k&#233;ts&#233;gbe vonni.</p><p>Az eg&#233;sz t&#225;rsadalom &#233;rdeke, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g Eur&#243;pa elleni hibrid h&#225;bor&#250;ja &#8211; amely &#246;sszefon&#243;dik az ukrajnai h&#225;bor&#250;val, &#225;m nem azonos vele &#8211; ne v&#225;ljon saj&#225;t politikai gondolkod&#225;sunkban egy &#250;jabb szalmab&#225;bb&#225;. Egy ilyen szalmab&#225;b ugyanazt a szerepet t&#246;lten&#233; be n&#225;lunk, mint m&#225;sutt az &#250;gynevezett &#8222;sz&#237;nes forradalmakr&#243;l&#8221; sz&#243;l&#243; &#246;sszeesk&#252;v&#233;s-elm&#233;letek: olyan magyar&#225;zatok, amelyek k&#233;ptelenek val&#243;di, alulr&#243;l j&#246;v&#337; t&#225;rsadalmi nyom&#225;st felismerni.</p><p>Ahogyan az &#8222;imperialist&#225;k l&#225;ncos kuty&#225;inak&#8221; is megvoltak a maguk hat&#225;rai, &#250;gy az oroszoknak is megvannak a korl&#225;taik. Moszkva val&#243;j&#225;ban csak azokkal a t&#225;rsadalmi er&#337;kkel tud dolgozni, amelyek m&#225;r l&#233;teznek.</p><p>Mindezzel egy&#252;tt al&#225;becs&#252;lni sem szabad &#337;ket. </p><p>Az orosz beavatkoz&#225;s a magyar v&#225;laszt&#225;sokba kiterjed&#233;s&#233;ben, m&#243;dszereiben &#233;s kifinomults&#225;g&#225;ban p&#233;lda n&#233;lk&#252;li az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243;ban.</p><p>Az orosz m&#369;velet eddig ismert dimenzi&#243;i: (ha kihagyok valamit &#237;rd)</p><p>1. Diplom&#225;ciai nyom&#225;sgyakorl&#225;s.</p><p>Az orosz eln&#246;k l&#233;nyeg&#233;ben az energiaell&#225;t&#225;s megvon&#225;s&#225;val fenyegette meg Magyarorsz&#225;got arra az esetre, ha az orsz&#225;g nem a sz&#225;m&#225;ra kedvez&#337; vezet&#233;st v&#225;lasztja. (T&#233;ny. A j&#243; zsarol&#225;s az ami nem hangzik zsarol&#225;snak.)</p><p>2. H&#237;rszerz&#233;si befoly&#225;sol&#225;s.</p><p>Az orosz K&#252;ls&#337; H&#237;rszerz&#337; Szolg&#225;lat ny&#237;lt lev&#233;lben &#225;ll&#237;totta (t&#233;ny), hogy a Tisza P&#225;rtot &#8222;Br&#252;sszel&#8221; finansz&#237;rozza, b&#225;rmilyen bizony&#237;t&#233;k n&#233;lk&#252;l. </p><p>3. &#8222;A h&#225;rom test&#337;r.&#8221;</p><p>A befoly&#225;sol&#225;si m&#369;veletben orosz katonai h&#237;rszerz&#337;k felt&#233;telezett r&#233;szv&#233;tele is felmer&#252;lt. Pontos szerep&#252;k bizonytalan. A parlament nemzetbiztons&#225;gi bizotts&#225;g&#225;nak n&#233;vtelen forr&#225;sai szerint a magyar szolg&#225;latok kaptak erre utal&#243; jelz&#233;seket, &#225;m nincs meger&#337;s&#237;t&#233;s arr&#243;l, hogy ezek a szem&#233;lyek t&#233;nylegesen az orsz&#225;gban tart&#243;zkodn&#225;nak. (Kev&#233;s az intel.)</p><p>4. Kibert&#225;mad&#225;sok.</p><p>Ellenz&#233;ki aktivist&#225;kat megf&#233;leml&#237;t&#337; t&#225;mad&#225;sok &#233;rt&#233;k, amelyek sor&#225;n szem&#233;lyes adataikat &#233;s lakc&#237;meiket hozt&#225;k nyilv&#225;noss&#225;gra. (T&#233;ny, b&#225;r az elk&#246;vet&#337;k azonos&#237;t&#225;sa neh&#233;z.)</p><p>M&#225;r n&#233;mi j&#243;zan &#233;sszel is bel&#225;that&#243;, hogy az ilyen m&#369;veletekhez kev&#233;s szerepl&#337;nek f&#369;z&#337;dhet &#233;rdeke Oroszorsz&#225;gon k&#237;v&#252;l. Elk&#233;pzelhet&#337;, hogy egyes hazai szerepl&#337;k politikai hasznot l&#225;tnak benn&#252;k, &#225;m a t&#225;mad&#225;sok v&#233;grehajt&#225;s&#225;t nem tulajdon&#237;tom nekik.</p><p>Ott van az iskol&#225;k t&#246;meges bombafenyeget&#233;se (t&#233;ny), amiben az iskol&#225;k c&#237;meihez hatalmas mennyis&#233;gben hozz&#225;f&#233;rtek. Neh&#233;z az attrib&#250;ci&#243;, de rem&#233;lem kirajzol&#243;dik a mint&#225;zat.</p><p>A kibert&#233;rhez tartozik a magyar K&#252;l&#252;gyminiszt&#233;rium elleni ismert t&#225;mad&#225;s is. A botr&#225;ny nyilv&#225;noss&#225;gra ker&#252;l&#233;se el&#337;tt a diplomat&#225;k k&#246;r&#233;ben m&#225;r k&#246;ztudott volt &#8211; akkoriban &#233;n is ott dolgoztam. Csak a t&#225;mad&#225;s m&#233;rt&#233;k&#233;n &#233;s a vezet&#233;s reakci&#243;j&#225;n lep&#337;dt&#252;nk meg. Kor&#225;bban a korm&#225;nyt&#243;l f&#252;ggetlen sajt&#243;org&#225;numok ellen is t&#246;rt&#233;ntek t&#250;lterhel&#233;ses t&#225;mad&#225;sok.</p><p>5. Orosz sajt&#243;anyagok t&#246;meges &#225;tv&#233;tele.</p><p>A magyar m&#233;dia bizonyos szerepl&#337;i t&#246;bb alkalommal szinte sz&#243; szerint &#225;tvett&#233;k az orosz sajt&#243; h&#237;reit, gyakran t&#252;k&#246;rford&#237;t&#225;sban. (T&#233;ny.) El&#337;fordult, hogy az eredeti orosz sz&#246;veg r&#233;szletei latinos &#225;t&#237;r&#225;sban benne maradtak. Mulats&#225;gos volna, ha nem lenne tragikus.</p><p>6. Mesters&#233;ges intelligencia haszn&#225;lata.</p><p>Orosz egys&#233;gek mesters&#233;ges intelligenci&#225;t is alkalmaznak befoly&#225;sol&#225;si m&#369;veletekben. Az elk&#246;vet&#337;k pontos azonos&#237;t&#225;sa itt nehezebb.</p><p>7. Automatiz&#225;lt fi&#243;kh&#225;l&#243;zatok (botfarmok).</p><p>A bizony&#237;t&#233;kok gyeng&#233;bbek, &#225;m hasonl&#243; h&#225;l&#243;zatok m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s&#233;t Moldov&#225;ban &#233;s Rom&#225;ni&#225;ban m&#225;r kimutatt&#225;k.</p><p>8. K&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gi m&#233;di&#225;ban folytatott &#252;zenget&#233;s.</p><p>Az orosz nagyk&#246;vets&#233;g a k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gi fel&#252;leteken nyilv&#225;nos &#252;zenetv&#225;lt&#225;sokba bocs&#225;tkozott az ellenz&#233;kkel, a helyzet csillap&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra ir&#225;nyul&#243; sz&#225;nd&#233;k n&#233;lk&#252;l.</p><p>9. Fizetett befoly&#225;sol&#243;k, influenszerek.</p><p>Ez egyel&#337;re csak felt&#233;telez&#233;sk&#233;nt kering, de l&#233;teznek r&#225; p&#233;ld&#225;k, p&#233;ld&#225;ul Lauren Chen h&#225;l&#243;zata, amely t&#246;bb sz&#225;zezer doll&#225;rt kapott az orosz korm&#225;nyt&#243;l, hogy oroszbar&#225;t inform&#225;ci&#243;s m&#369;veletekkel &#225;rassz&#225;k el a k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gi m&#233;di&#225;t. Letart&#243;ztat&#225;sa el&#337;tt Magyarorsz&#225;gon is j&#225;rt, ahol r&#233;szt vett egy fesztiv&#225;lon.</p><p>Ezek az elemek egym&#225;st er&#337;s&#237;tik &#233;s k&#246;zponti ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;sra, valamint helyi koordin&#225;ci&#243;ra is utalnak. A Financial Times &#233;rtes&#252;l&#233;sei szerint a m&#369;veletet az &#250;n. Szoci&#225;lis Tervez&#233;si &#220;gyn&#246;ks&#233;g nev&#369; szervezet hangolja &#246;ssze.</p><p>Egy &#233;letre felejts&#252;k el azt a sz&#243;t, hogy &#8222;propaganda&#8221;, a propi ahogy bizonyos szak&#233;rt&#337;i k&#246;r&#246;kben mondj&#225;k. &#8222;Megyek a propiba.&#8221; mintha f&#233;lrevezetni az embereket po&#233;nos lenne.</p><p>Ez nem propaganda. Ezek inform&#225;ci&#243;s &#233;s pszichol&#243;giai m&#369;veletek.</p><p>Sok sikert k&#237;v&#225;nhatunk a magyar nemzetbiztons&#225;gi szolg&#225;latok szakembereinek. Az &#337; munk&#225;juk biztos&#237;tja majd, hogy a k&#246;vetkez&#337; korm&#225;ny megfelel&#337; inform&#225;ci&#243;kkal rendelkezzen az orosz fenyeget&#233;s szakszer&#369; elh&#225;r&#237;t&#225;s&#225;hoz &#233;s az &#225;rul&#243;k felel&#337;ss&#233;gre von&#225;s&#225;hoz.</p><p>Moszkva sz&#233;p v&#225;ros &#8211; &#233;ltem ott. Az ismeretlen Ephialt&#233;szeknek is tetszeni fog. Er&#337;s a gyan&#250;, hogy nagyon sokan vannak ilyenek; az orosz sz&#246;vegek &#225;tm&#225;sol&#225;sa a magyar k&#246;zm&#233;di&#225;ban &#246;nmag&#225;ban is erre utal (ha nem puszt&#225;n kellemetlen&#252;l szakszer&#369;tlen szerkeszt&#337;i munk&#225;r&#243;l van csak sz&#243;).</p><p>A teljes k&#233;pet csak j&#243;val a v&#225;laszt&#225;sok ut&#225;n l&#225;tjuk majd. &#193;m m&#225;r az &#250;gynevezett &#8222;akt&#237;v int&#233;zked&#233;sek&#8221; felsorol&#225;sa is felvet egy k&#233;rd&#233;st:</p><p>Tud-e b&#225;rki &#8211; b&#225;rmely szak&#233;rt&#337; vagy kutat&#243; &#8211; olyan, t&#233;nyekkel al&#225;t&#225;masztott befoly&#225;sol&#225;si kamp&#225;nyr&#243;l, amely az elm&#250;lt harminchat &#233;vben ak&#225;r Magyarorsz&#225;gon, ak&#225;r az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; m&#225;s orsz&#225;g&#225;ban ehhez m&#233;rhet&#337; lett volna?</p><p>&#201;n nem haragszom az oroszokra. Az &#233;rdekeiket k&#246;vetik. Tudom tisztelni azt, aki kem&#233;ny csat&#225;t v&#237;v &#233;s nem burkol&#243;zik a gy&#225;va hallgat&#225;s m&#246;g&#233;.</p><p>Azt, hogy ki a felel&#337;s az&#233;rt, hogy Magyarorsz&#225;g az orosz&#8211;ukr&#225;n h&#225;bor&#250; egyik mell&#233;khadsz&#237;nter&#233;v&#233; v&#225;lt, most nem k&#237;v&#225;nom r&#233;szletesen t&#225;rgyalni.</p><p>A t&#246;rt&#233;nelem majd megteszi.</p><p>Egy dolgot azonban &#233;rdemes megjegyezni. Moszkva minden eszk&#246;zzel k&#252;zd, mert Budapest az elm&#250;lt n&#233;gy &#233;vben olyan sz&#233;ls&#337;s&#233;gesen k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gellenes magatart&#225;st tan&#250;s&#237;tott, amely egyszerre szolg&#225;lta az Ukrajna elleni h&#225;bor&#250; c&#233;ljait &#233;s az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243;, illetve a NATO elleni hibrid hadvisel&#233;s t&#246;rekv&#233;seit. Oroszorsz&#225;g ezt az &#225;llapotot fenn akarja tartani &#8211; szinte b&#225;rmi &#225;ron. Most, hogy a Kreml mark&#225;b&#243;l kihullanak a sz&#246;vets&#233;gesei (Venezuela, Sz&#237;ria, Ir&#225;n) &#233;s elvesz&#237;ti a j&#243; kapcsolatokat a szovjet kliens&#225;llamokkal a jelenlegi klient&#250;ra hatalomban tart&#225;sa orosz &#225;llambiztons&#225;gi priorit&#225;s. Ennek felismer&#233;se a laikusok sz&#225;m&#225;ra sem lehet neh&#233;z. </p><p>Ne feledj&#252;k: nem mi vagyunk a c&#233;lpont, a hibrid hadvisel&#233;s egyik f&#337; c&#233;lja az eur&#243;pai kollekt&#237;v v&#233;delmi rendszer hitel&#233;nek megingat&#225;sa, majd ki&#252;res&#237;t&#233;se. Ez k&#246;zvetlen&#252;l &#233;rinten&#233; minden magyar ember szem&#233;lyes biztons&#225;g&#225;t.</p><p>A rendszerv&#225;lt&#225;s &#243;ta soha nem volt ilyen fontos az egys&#233;ges fell&#233;p&#233;s Eur&#243;p&#225;ban.</p><p>A helyzet term&#233;szetesen aggaszt&#243;, k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen a t&#225;gabb politikai k&#246;rnyezetet figyelembe v&#233;ve.</p><p>Sokan k&#233;rdezik t&#337;lem a korm&#225;nyf&#337; nyilv&#225;nval&#243;an megrendezett telefonos jelenete ut&#225;n: v&#225;rhat&#243;-e eszkal&#225;ci&#243;?</p><p>Orosz t&#237;pus&#250; t&#246;meges letart&#243;ztat&#225;sok.</p><p>Mer&#233;nyletk&#237;s&#233;rlet Magyar P&#233;ter ellen.</p><p>Megrendezett t&#225;mad&#225;s, vagy ennek a l&#225;tszata (pl. Tisza merch-be &#246;lt&#246;ztetett illet&#337; fizikai atrocit&#225;sa a korm&#225;nyf&#337; ellen, amit a polymarket val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;nek tart).</p><p>Orosz dr&#243;n.</p><p>Ukr&#225;n dr&#243;n.</p><p>Az emberek k&#252;l&#246;nf&#233;le rendk&#237;v&#252;li forgat&#243;k&#246;nyveket k&#233;pzelnek el. V&#233;lem&#233;nyem szerint egyik sem k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sebben val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;.</p><p>Legfeljebb a v&#225;laszt&#225;s napj&#225;ra tervezett rend&#337;rs&#233;gi &#8222;szeml&#233;kr&#337;l&#8221; hallottam valamivel hitelesebb h&#237;resztel&#233;seket bel&#252;gyi forr&#225;sokb&#243;l &#8211; de ezeket sem kell elt&#250;lozni.</p><p>Egy dolgot azonban mindenkinek &#233;rdemes &#233;szben tartani.</p><p>Sem a propaganda, sem a megf&#233;leml&#237;t&#233;s, sem a hadseregek nem elegend&#337;ek egy olyan t&#225;rsadalom megt&#246;r&#233;s&#233;hez, amely &#250;gy &#233;rzi, hogy m&#225;r nincs mit vesz&#237;tenie; amelynek tagjai szolid&#225;risak egym&#225;ssal &#233;s a v&#233;gs&#337;kig k&#233;szek ellen&#225;llni.</p><p>Az &#237;r&#225;s kock&#225;zat&#225;nak nagys&#225;ga szabja meg az olvas&#225;s s&#250;ly&#225;t. </p><p>A fent le&#237;rtakat ennek tudat&#225;ban &#233;rdemes v&#233;giggondolni.</p><p>K&#233;rlek, add tov&#225;bb ezt az &#252;zenetet. Fontos.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Lózungok a nemzetközi kapcsolatokban – Multipolaritás / Clichés in International Relations - Multipolarity]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kritika / Criticism]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/lozungok-a-nemzetkozi-kapcsolatokban</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/lozungok-a-nemzetkozi-kapcsolatokban</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 15:12:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A kort&#225;rsak ritk&#225;n kapnak vil&#225;gos v&#225;laszokat azokra a k&#233;rd&#233;sekre, amelyek seg&#237;ts&#233;g&#233;vel a saj&#225;t korukat szeretn&#233;k elhelyezni a t&#246;rt&#233;nelemben. A t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi folyamatok &#233;rtelme rendszerint csak hosszabb id&#337; eltelt&#233;vel rajzol&#243;dik ki. 2031-ben lesz negyven &#233;ve a Szovjetuni&#243; megsz&#369;n&#233;s&#233;nek. Az id&#337; m&#250;l&#225;s&#225;val egyre tiszt&#225;bban l&#225;tszik, milyen k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyekkel j&#225;rt a szovjet hatalom elt&#369;n&#233;se, &#233;s milyen &#369;rt hagyott maga ut&#225;n a vil&#225;grendben.</p><p>A kilencvenes &#233;s k&#233;tezres &#233;vekben a nemzetk&#246;zi politik&#225;val foglalkoz&#243; kutat&#243;k l&#225;zas igyekezettel kerest&#233;k azokat a fogalmakat, amelyekkel le lehet &#237;rni a hidegh&#225;bor&#250; ut&#225;ni korszakot. K&#252;l&#246;nf&#233;le elm&#233;leti keretek pr&#243;b&#225;lt&#225;k megragadni a Szovjetuni&#243; felboml&#225;s&#225;nak jelent&#337;s&#233;g&#233;t &#233;s a vil&#225;grendszer l&#225;tsz&#243;lagos &#225;talakul&#225;s&#225;t. Sok helyen egy leegyszer&#369;s&#237;tett, c&#233;lir&#225;nyos optimizmus uralkodott. Sz&#233;les k&#246;rben terjedtek az olyan elk&#233;pzel&#233;sek, mint a liber&#225;lis egyp&#243;lus&#250; vil&#225;grend vagy a &#8222;t&#246;rt&#233;nelem v&#233;ge&#8221;. Ezek az &#233;rtelmez&#233;sek f&#337;k&#233;nt azok sz&#225;m&#225;ra t&#369;ntek meggy&#337;z&#337;nek, akik alig ismert&#233;k az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok hidegh&#225;bor&#250;s k&#252;zdelmeit &#233;s a kapitalista t&#246;mb &#225;rnyoldalait. A gyarmatok&#233;rt foly&#243; verseng&#233;s t&#246;rt&#233;nete j&#243;l megmutatja ezeket az &#225;rnyakat. A posztkommunista t&#225;rsadalmak lakoss&#225;ga m&#233;gis ilyen nyitott &#233;s rem&#233;nyked&#337; hangulatban l&#233;pett &#225;t az &#250;j &#233;vezredbe &#8211; &#337;ket a val&#243;s&#225;g hamar kij&#243;zan&#237;totta.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp" width="1456" height="736" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wCS4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5325235f-94ec-4854-a94d-8a3392afd654_1600x809.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Az 1984 vil&#225;grendje - Reddit</em></p><p>Az &#233;n &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;som m&#225;s ir&#225;nyba mutat. Ha k&#246;zepes t&#246;rt&#233;neti t&#225;vb&#243;l n&#233;zz&#252;k az esem&#233;nyeket, 1991 ut&#225;n nem tal&#225;lunk olyan korszakhat&#225;rt, amely val&#243;di vil&#225;grendv&#225;lt&#225;s felt&#233;telez&#233;s&#233;t indokoln&#225;. Ha m&#233;g t&#225;gabb id&#337;t&#225;vot vesz&#252;nk figyelembe, az utols&#243; d&#246;nt&#337; t&#246;r&#233;svonal 1917 &#233;s 1945 apokaliptikus &#233;vei k&#246;z&#233; esik. A jelenkori politik&#225;t meghat&#225;roz&#243; id&#337;szakban a folytonoss&#225;g sokkal er&#337;sebb, mint a v&#225;ltoz&#225;s.</p><p>Az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok ma is az egyetlen hatalom, amely k&#233;pes katonai erej&#233;t a vil&#225;g szinte b&#225;rmely pontj&#225;n bevetni. Egyetlen m&#225;s &#225;llam sem rendelkezik ilyen k&#233;pess&#233;ggel. Az m&#225;r m&#225;s k&#233;rd&#233;s, hogy ezek a beavatkoz&#225;sok mennyire bizonyulnak eredm&#233;nyesnek ill. milyen tart&#243;s k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyekkel j&#225;rnak. M&#225;r a hidegh&#225;bor&#250; idej&#233;n sem sikerek sorozata jellemezte Washington k&#252;lpolitik&#225;j&#225;t. A k&#233;pess&#233;g maga m&#233;gis p&#225;ratlan maradt.</p><p>Ez a k&#233;pess&#233;g term&#233;szetesen mindig korl&#225;tok k&#246;z&#246;tt m&#369;k&#246;d&#246;tt. A riv&#225;lis atomhatalmak saj&#225;t t&#233;rs&#233;gei egy&#233;rtelm&#369; hat&#225;rokat szabnak. E hat&#225;rokon bel&#252;l az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok helyzete m&#233;gis egyed&#252;l&#225;ll&#243;.</p><p>Ezt az &#225;llapotot nevezhetj&#252;k egyp&#243;lus&#250; vil&#225;gnak. Az &#233;n nemzed&#233;kem m&#225;r &#225;ltal&#225;nos iskol&#225;ban megtanulta ezt a fogalmat. A gond akkor kezd&#337;d&#246;tt, amikor az egyp&#243;lus&#250;s&#225;g megsz&#369;nt puszta elemz&#233;si kateg&#243;ria lenni &#233;s egy &#246;nigazol&#243; t&#246;rt&#233;nett&#233; v&#225;lt a &#8222;t&#246;rt&#233;nelem v&#233;ge&#8221; gondolat&#225;val egy&#252;tt.</p><p>A riv&#225;lis hatalmak k&#246;r&#233;ben m&#225;r 1991 ut&#225;n hamar megjelent egy m&#225;sik sz&#243;haszn&#225;lat. A &#8222;t&#246;bbp&#243;lus&#250; vil&#225;g&#8221; eszm&#233;je ellenk&#233;pk&#233;nt sz&#252;letett meg. Az&#243;ta az &#250;js&#225;g&#237;r&#225;s &#250;jra &#233;s &#250;jra meghirdette az amerikai f&#246;l&#233;ny v&#233;g&#233;t: szeptember 11. ut&#225;n, Putyin m&#252;ncheni besz&#233;d&#233;t k&#246;vet&#337;en, a pekingi olimpia idej&#233;n, a Kr&#237;m elfoglal&#225;sa ut&#225;n &#8211; &#233;s m&#233;g sz&#225;mtalanszor.</p><p>Oroszorsz&#225;gban a t&#246;bbp&#243;lus&#250; vil&#225;grend eszm&#233;ny&#237;t&#233;se k&#246;nnyen &#233;rthet&#337;. A Szovjetuni&#243; megsz&#369;n&#233;se revansv&#225;gyat hagyott maga ut&#225;n &#233;s ez a fogalom alkalmas keretet adott a nagyhatalmi st&#225;tusz visszaszerz&#233;s&#233;nek rem&#233;ny&#233;hez. Olyan orsz&#225;gokban, mint Magyarorsz&#225;g, a t&#246;bbp&#243;lus&#250;s&#225;g n&#233;ha a vil&#225;grend le&#237;r&#225;s&#225;ra szolg&#225;l&#243; fogalomk&#233;nt jelenik meg. Ez vitathat&#243;, ugyanakkor &#233;rtelmezhet&#337; &#225;ll&#225;spont.</p><p>Nagyobb gond akkor keletkezik, amikor n&#225;lunk valaki a t&#246;bbp&#243;lus&#250; vil&#225;got romantikus &#233;s eleve igazs&#225;gos &#225;llapotk&#233;nt &#225;br&#225;zolja, r&#225;ad&#225;sul az orosz geopolitikai gondolkod&#225;s fogalmai szerint. Haz&#225;nk val&#243;s szerkezeti adotts&#225;gait figyelembe v&#233;ve az ilyen &#233;rtelmez&#233;sek sokszor csup&#225;n &#246;szt&#246;n&#246;s &#233;s alig &#225;tgondolt Amerika-elleness&#233;get t&#252;kr&#246;znek.</p><p>A mi szempontunkb&#243;l egyik megk&#246;zel&#237;t&#233;s sem kiel&#233;g&#237;t&#337;.</p><p>A t&#246;rt&#233;nelem v&#233;ge nem k&#246;vetkezett be. A &#8222;szab&#225;lyokon alapul&#243; liber&#225;lis vil&#225;grend&#8221; kora maga is vitathat&#243; fogalom. Ennek megfelel&#337;en annak &#8222;t&#246;bbp&#243;lus&#250; megd&#246;nt&#233;se&#8221; sem zajlik.</p><p>Ami val&#243;j&#225;ban t&#246;rt&#233;nik, sokkal egyszer&#369;bb. Lassan kialakul az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamokkal szemben &#225;ll&#243; orsz&#225;gok laza egy&#252;tt&#225;ll&#225;sa. Ez az egy&#252;tt&#225;ll&#225;s ideol&#243;giailag rendk&#237;v&#252;l gyenge. Az &#233;rintett &#225;llamokat alig k&#246;ti &#246;ssze valami az amerikaelleness&#233;gen k&#237;v&#252;l. Ha valaki m&#233;gis k&#246;z&#246;s eszm&#233;r&#337;l besz&#233;l, k&#233;rem magyar&#225;zza el sz&#225;momra, mi k&#246;ti &#246;ssze p&#233;ld&#225;ul Ir&#225;n &#233;s K&#237;na vil&#225;gn&#233;zet&#233;t az amerikaelleness&#233;gen k&#237;v&#252;l.</p><p>A nemzetk&#246;zi jog szab&#225;lyainak fellazul&#225;sa is ebben a verseng&#337; k&#246;zegben ment v&#233;gbe. A szab&#225;lyok megker&#252;l&#233;s&#233;re az &#246;nbizalommal fell&#233;p&#337; Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok szolg&#225;ltatott p&#233;ld&#225;t. A vet&#233;lyt&#225;rsak gyorsan alkalmazkodtak. Az orosz &#233;rvel&#233;s Ukrajna &#252;gy&#233;ben t&#246;bb ponton k&#237;s&#233;rtetiesen eml&#233;keztet a volt Jugoszl&#225;via elleni beavatkoz&#225;sok indokl&#225;s&#225;ra, vagy az Irak elleni h&#225;bor&#250;t megel&#337;z&#337; h&#237;rszerz&#233;si t&#246;rt&#233;netekre. Az iraki t&#246;megpuszt&#237;t&#243; fegyverek &#252;gye a legismertebb p&#233;ld&#225;ja annak, milyen ingatag alapokon &#225;lltak ezek az &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sok.</p><p>A Kreml sz&#225;m&#237;t&#225;sai eddig kev&#233;s eredm&#233;nyt hoztak. Val&#243;di t&#246;bbp&#243;lus&#250; vil&#225;grend ma sem l&#233;tezik. Ha a jelenlegi &#225;llapotnak nevet kell adni, tal&#225;l&#243;bb volna a &#8222;vil&#225;grendetlens&#233;g&#8221; kifejez&#233;s. Ebben a zavaros rendszerben m&#233;gis megmaradt az egyp&#243;lus&#250; szerkezet: az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok az egyetlen hatalom, amely val&#243;ban k&#233;pes katonai erej&#233;t a vil&#225;g eg&#233;sz&#233;ben bevetni.</p><p>A nemzetk&#246;zi jog nem puszt&#225;n az erk&#246;lcsi pr&#233;dik&#225;torok eszk&#246;ze. A vil&#225;gh&#225;bor&#250;k ut&#225;n a nagyhatalmak r&#233;szben az&#233;rt alak&#237;tott&#225;k ki a szab&#225;lyokra &#233;p&#252;l&#337; egy&#252;tt&#233;l&#233;s kereteit, hogy elker&#252;lj&#233;k az atomh&#225;bor&#250;t. El&#337;fordulhat, hogy a nagyhatalmak id&#337;vel f&#233;lreteszik ezeket a szab&#225;lyokat. Arr&#243;l azonban kev&#233;s meggy&#337;z&#337; &#233;rv sz&#252;letett, mi&#233;rt szolg&#225;ln&#225; egy kis&#225;llam &#233;rdek&#233;t az, ha a nyers er&#337; korl&#225;toz&#225;s&#225;ra szolg&#225;l&#243; szab&#225;lyok elt&#369;nnek. Ebben a helyzetben a kisebb &#225;llamok sz&#225;m&#225;ra a legkedvez&#337;bb &#250;t az egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;sek &#233;p&#237;t&#233;se &#233;s a nemzetk&#246;zi int&#233;zm&#233;nyekben val&#243; akt&#237;v r&#233;szv&#233;tel, mert az int&#233;zm&#233;nyek a kisebb &#225;llamok &#233;rdekk&#233;pviselet&#233;t feler&#337;s&#237;tik. (Idegen sz&#243;val ezt multilater&#225;lis amplifik&#225;ci&#243;nak nevezz&#252;k.) A nemzetk&#246;zi jog v&#233;delme sokkal ink&#225;bb szolg&#225;lja a kis&#225;llamok &#233;rdekeit, mint a puszta er&#337;politik&#225;t dics&#337;&#237;t&#337; gondolkod&#225;s vagy a &#8222;realizmus&#8221; kritik&#225;tlan magasztal&#225;sa.</p><p>A vil&#225;g le&#237;r&#225;s&#225;t gyakran a nyelv&#252;nk nehez&#237;ti meg. A nemzetk&#246;zi politika fogalomk&#233;szlete a nagyhatalmak vil&#225;g&#225;b&#243;l sz&#225;rmazik. A tudom&#225;ny&#225;g elm&#233;leti keretei m&#225;r kezdetekt&#337;l magukon viselik a nagyhatalmi gondolkod&#225;s nyomait &#233;s el&#337;&#237;t&#233;leteit.</p><p>A kisebb &#225;llamok sz&#225;m&#225;ra a val&#243;s&#225;g pontosabb le&#237;r&#225;sa csak &#246;n&#225;ll&#243; &#233;s kritikus szellemi munk&#225;val sz&#252;lethet meg. Ez a munka nem a nagyhatalmi geopolitika &#225;tv&#233;tel&#233;b&#337;l fakad, hanem abb&#243;l a k&#233;pess&#233;gb&#337;l, hogy t&#225;vols&#225;got tartunk a hatalmi nyelvt&#337;l &#233;s saj&#225;t szempontb&#243;l gondoljuk &#250;jra a vil&#225;got.</p><h1>ENGLISH</h1><p>Contemporaries rarely receive clear answers to the questions by which they seek to place their own age in history. The meaning of historical processes usually comes into view only after a longer passage of time. In 2031, it will be forty years since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As time passes, it becomes ever clearer what consequences followed from the disappearance of Soviet power and what kind of void it left behind in the world order.</p><p>During the 1990s and 2000s, scholars of international politics searched with feverish intensity for the concepts by which the post-Cold War era could be described. Various theoretical frameworks sought to grasp the significance of the breakup of the Soviet Union and the apparent transformation of the world system. In many places, a simplified and teleological optimism prevailed. Ideas such as a liberal unipolar world order or the &#8220;end of history&#8221; spread widely. These interpretations seemed convincing chiefly to those who had little knowledge of the Cold War struggles of the United States and of the darker sides of the capitalist bloc. The history of competition for the colonies illustrates these shadows well. Yet the populations of post-communist societies entered the new millennium in precisely such an open and hopeful mood &#8212; reality soon sobered them.</p><p>The world order of 1984 &#8211; Reddit</p><p>My argument points in a different direction. If we view events from a medium-term historical perspective, after 1991 we find no period boundary that would justify the assumption of a real transformation of the world order. If we take an even broader time horizon into account, the last decisive rupture falls between the apocalyptic years of 1917 and 1945. In the period that shapes contemporary politics, continuity is far stronger than change.</p><p>The United States remains the only power capable of deploying its military force to almost any point in the world. No other state possesses such a capability. It is another question how effective these interventions prove to be and what lasting consequences they produce. Even during the Cold War, Washington&#8217;s foreign policy was not marked by an uninterrupted series of successes. Yet the capability itself has remained unparalleled.</p><p>This capability has, of course, always operated within limits. The respective regions of rival nuclear powers impose clear boundaries. Within those boundaries, however, the position of the United States remains unique.</p><p>We may call this condition a unipolar world. My generation learned this concept already in primary school. The problem began when unipolarity ceased to be a mere analytical category and became a self-justifying narrative together with the idea of the &#8220;end of history.&#8221;</p><p>Among rival powers, a different vocabulary appeared soon after 1991. The idea of a &#8220;multipolar world&#8221; was born as a counter-image. Since then, journalism has proclaimed the end of American predominance again and again: after September 11, following Putin&#8217;s Munich speech, during the Beijing Olympics, after the annexation of Crimea &#8212; and countless other times.</p><p>In Russia, the idealization of a multipolar world order is easily understandable. The dissolution of the Soviet Union left behind a desire for revenge, and this concept provided a suitable framework for the hope of regaining great-power status. In countries such as Hungary, multipolarity sometimes appears as a concept used to describe the world order. This is debatable, yet it is also an intelligible position.</p><p>A greater problem arises when someone in our country portrays the multipolar world as a romantic and inherently just condition, moreover according to the concepts of Russian geopolitical thought. Taking into account the real structural conditions of our country, such interpretations often reflect nothing more than instinctive and barely thought-through anti-Americanism.</p><p>From our point of view, neither approach is satisfactory.</p><p>The end of history did not occur. The age of the &#8220;rules-based liberal world order&#8221; is itself a debatable concept. Accordingly, its &#8220;multipolar overthrow&#8221; is not taking place either.</p><p>What is actually happening is much simpler. A loose alignment of countries opposed to the United States is slowly taking shape. This alignment is ideologically extremely weak. The states concerned are held together by hardly anything beyond anti-Americanism. If someone still speaks of a common idea, I would ask them to explain to me what, beyond this, links the worldviews of, for example, Iran and China.</p><p>The loosening of the rules of international law also took place in this competitive environment. It was the self-confident United States that provided the example for circumventing the rules. Its rivals adapted quickly. Russian argumentation in the case of Ukraine is eerily reminiscent in several respects of the justifications offered for the interventions against the former Yugoslavia, or of the intelligence stories that preceded the war against Iraq. The issue of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction is the best-known example of how fragile the foundations of those claims were.</p><p>The Kremlin&#8217;s calculations have so far produced few results. A genuine multipolar world order still does not exist. If the present condition must be given a name, the term &#8220;world disorder&#8221; would be more fitting. Yet within this confused system the unipolar structure has still remained in place: the United States is the only power that is truly capable of deploying its military force on a global scale.</p><p>International law is not merely a tool of moral preachers. After the world wars, the great powers partly established the frameworks of coexistence based on rules in order to avoid nuclear war. It may happen that the great powers set these rules aside over time. Yet few convincing arguments have been made as to why it would serve the interests of a small state if the rules constraining raw power were to disappear. In this situation, the most advantageous path for smaller states lies in building cooperation and taking an active part in international institutions, because institutions amplify the representation of the interests of smaller states. (In foreign terminology, this is called multilateral amplification.) The defense of international law serves the interests of small states far more than forms of thought that glorify sheer power politics or the uncritical celebration of &#8220;realism.&#8221;</p><p>The description of the world is often made more difficult by our language. The conceptual vocabulary of international politics comes from the world of the great powers. From the very beginning, the theoretical frameworks of the discipline have borne the marks and prejudices of great-power thinking.</p><p>For smaller states, a more accurate description of reality can emerge only through independent and critical intellectual work. This work does not arise from adopting great-power geopolitics, but from the capacity to keep a distance from the language of power and to rethink the world from our own point of view.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Örök háború / Eternal War]]></title><description><![CDATA[Essz&#233; / Essay]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/orok-haboru-eternal-war</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/orok-haboru-eternal-war</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 02:44:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Kiv&#233;telesen nem t&#246;rekszem r&#246;vid&#237;t&#233;sre vagy elemz&#233;sre, a c&#233;l itt a gondolat&#233;breszt&#233;s. &#193;ltal&#225;ban az &#237;r&#225;saim r&#225;kfen&#233;je, hogy tem&#233;rdeket kell visszanyesnem bel&#337;l&#252;k, ugyanis aggodalommal t&#246;lt el &#8211; a gondolatok &#225;raml&#225;sa tal&#225;n elrettenti az olvas&#243;t. M&#233;g tanulom azt, hogyan maradjak autentikus &#233;s olvasm&#225;nyos akkor, ha sz&#225;momra kev&#233;sb&#233; komfortos m&#369;fajokban sz&#243;lalok meg.</p><p>&#214;r&#246;k h&#225;bor&#250;r&#243;l manaps&#225;g a kritikai irodalom a kapitalista imperializmusban rejl&#337; struktur&#225;lis k&#233;nyszerk&#233;nt besz&#233;l, miszerint a vil&#225;ggazdas&#225;g vagy vil&#225;grendszer ellentmond&#225;sos centrum-perif&#233;ria viszony&#225;nak tart&#243;s fenntart&#225;s&#225;hoz a centrumnak folytonos fegyveres konfliktusokkal kell visszal&#246;knie a bolyg&#243; szerencs&#233;tlenebb r&#233;sz&#233;t a nyomorba. Az, hogy ez igaz-e most nem fontos, nyilv&#225;n az. Megeml&#237;teni csak az&#233;rt akartam, hogy lesz&#246;gezzem: nem err&#337;l akarok besz&#233;lni.</p><p>Ahogyan a doktori disszert&#225;ci&#243;mon dolgozok az orosz k&#252;lpolitika t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;r&#337;l, &#250;gy veszem &#233;szre, hogy a gondolkod&#225;som az elm&#250;lt &#233;vekben mechanikusabb&#225; v&#225;lt. Lassan magamra sem ismerek, ahogyan &#250;jabb &#233;s &#250;jabb, &#246;szt&#246;neimt&#337;l idegen elm&#233;leti keret ker&#252;l be a szeml&#233;letembe ak&#225;r a sz&#369;kebb &#233;rtelemben felfogott szakm&#225;m ak&#225;r a t&#225;gabb &#233;rtelemben felfogott &#233;letem a t&#233;t.</p><p>Kinek &#237;rok egy&#225;ltal&#225;n?</p><p>Ha a sz&#233;lesebb k&#246;z&#246;ns&#233;gnek, ott a vesz&#233;ly, hogy nem magyar&#225;zom meg megfelel&#337;en mindazt, ami nekem evidencia, ha a szakm&#225;nak akkor pedig &#8222;rendes&#8221; platformon kellene azt megtennem, amely most rajtam k&#237;v&#252;l&#225;ll&#243; &#233;s messze t&#250;lmutat&#243; okok miatt nem lehets&#233;ges.</p><p>Miut&#225;n az el&#337;sz&#246;r itt megjelent &#8222;&#205;gy vesz&#237;ti el Oroszorsz&#225;g a birodalm&#225;t&#8221; c&#237;m&#369; &#237;r&#225;som els&#337; r&#233;sze megtal&#225;lta k&#246;z&#246;ns&#233;g&#233;t, majd azt &#225;tvette a K&#252;lpologika is, kiss&#233; elbizonytalanodtam.</p><p>A szakm&#225;m &#233;s mindaz, amit csin&#225;lok ugyanis m&#233;lyen szem&#233;lyes dimenzi&#243;val is b&#237;r. Az orosz irodalom &#233;s b&#246;lcselet arany &#233;s ez&#252;stkora, az orosz politikat&#246;rt&#233;net ellentmond&#225;soss&#225;ga, Oroszorsz&#225;g f&#246;ldrajz&#225;nak hat&#225;rtalans&#225;ga sok szempontb&#243;l m&#233;g a saj&#225;t haz&#225;m t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;n&#233;l is jobban foglalkoztat. Term&#233;szetesen nem az&#233;rt, mert &#8222;egzotikus&#8221; vid&#233;ke ez a plan&#233;t&#225;nak, hanem mert az &#225;ltalunk ismert vil&#225;got j&#243;val nagyobb m&#233;rt&#233;kben form&#225;l&#243; eszm&#233;kr&#337;l &#233;s &#225;raml&#225;sr&#243;l van sz&#243;. Hitegethetj&#252;k magunkat, de az ami nek&#252;nk fontos &#225;ltal&#225;ban <em>csak</em> nek&#252;nk fontos.</p><p>A h&#225;bor&#250; kit&#246;r&#233;s&#233;nek napj&#225;t soha nem fogom elfelejteni, de most eltekintek a visszaeml&#233;kez&#233;st&#337;l, holott tal&#225;n hordozna tanuls&#225;gokat azok elmes&#233;l&#233;se m&#225;sok sz&#225;m&#225;ra is.</p><p>Hajlamosak vagyunk azt gondolni, hogy ez a h&#225;bor&#250; az abnorm&#225;lis &#225;llapot egy b&#233;k&#233;s vil&#225;gban, noha ez nem teljesen igazolhat&#243;. A h&#225;bor&#250;k kimenetelei d&#246;ntik el a b&#233;k&#233;k term&#233;szet&#233;t &#233;s tart&#243;ss&#225;g&#225;t. Ebben tan&#237;t&#243;mester a vil&#225;gt&#246;rt&#233;nelem. A h&#225;bor&#250;, mint jelens&#233;g &#246;r&#246;k, mert mindig is volt, azonban itt nem err&#337;l sz&#243;lunk.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png" width="728" height="235" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:470,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:586407,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/i/189725181?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-5Sa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdcd4745-f413-4b9f-b102-caf13b594505_1920x620.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>You are Empty - artwork</em></p><p>2022-ben minden kor&#225;bbi naiv rem&#233;ny arra vonatkoz&#243;an, hogy a t&#225;volod&#225;s ideiglenes, hogy az av&#237;tt &#233;s meg&#250;jul&#225;sra k&#233;ptelen &#225;llambiztons&#225;gi elit f&#246;l&#246;tt a technokrata, &#233;rdekek alapj&#225;n m&#369;k&#246;d&#337; orosz burzso&#225;zia el&#337;bb ut&#243;bb gy&#337;zedelmeskedni fog szertefoszlott. Ekkoriban m&#233;g gondolhattuk, hogy ha Oroszorsz&#225;g nem is lesz t&#246;k&#233;letes szomsz&#233;dja Eur&#243;p&#225;nak, de a pragmatikus egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s fel&#252;l&#237;rja az elvont ideol&#243;giai, &#8222;geopolitikai&#8221; szempontokat.</p><p>Az Oroszorsz&#225;g, amiben tanultam, amiben a bar&#225;taim feln&#337;ttek nem l&#233;tezik t&#246;bb&#233;. Semmi nem maradt bel&#337;le.</p><p>Az egy id&#337;re elbizonytalanod&#243; KGB a h&#225;bor&#250;n kereszt&#252;l v&#233;g&#252;l m&#233;gis megtal&#225;lta az utat ahhoz, hogy ism&#233;t &#250;jratermelje &#246;nmag&#225;t, s hogy a t&#225;rsadalom &#225;talak&#237;t&#225;s&#225;n kereszt&#252;l &#250;jabb gener&#225;ci&#243;kat fert&#337;zz&#246;n meg az &#225;llambiztons&#225;gi szeml&#233;lettel. A folyamatok, amelyek 2022 &#243;ta zajlanak Oroszorsz&#225;gban val&#243;ban (ellen)forradalmiak &#233;s a tendenci&#225;k megford&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ra vagy megv&#225;ltoztat&#225;s&#225;ra vajmi kev&#233;s es&#233;ly&#252;nk van, mert sok tekintetben helyesen l&#225;tj&#225;k a helyzetet a Kremlben a saj&#225;t t&#225;rsadalmuk kapcs&#225;n. A p&#225;cban a k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;g egy&#252;tt van benne, s Putyin sikeresen vette azt az akad&#225;lyt, amely eddig messzemen&#337;kig a legvesz&#233;lyesebb volt a saj&#225;t rendszer&#233;re n&#233;zve. Ez pedig nevezetesen az volt, hogy a kor&#225;bban t&#246;bb mint h&#250;sz &#233;ven &#225;t depolitiz&#225;lt t&#225;rsadalmat politikailag mobiliz&#225;lja a h&#225;bor&#250;&#233;rt.</p><p>Mindent a h&#225;bor&#250; kimenetele fog eld&#246;nteni, amely szerintem kor&#225;ntsem lesz annyira egy&#233;rtelm&#369;, mint ahogy azt ma sokan gondolj&#225;k. M&#233;g egy &#233;vvel ezel&#337;tt egy szakmai felh&#237;v&#225;snak eleget t&#233;ve besz&#233;lgett&#252;nk a magyar Honv&#233;ds&#233;g egykori f&#337;parancsnok&#225;val &#8211; akkor m&#233;g csak katonai szak&#233;rt&#337;k&#233;nt &#233;s nem politikusk&#233;nt &#8211; arr&#243;l, hogy tal&#225;n Trump megv&#225;laszt&#225;s&#225;val lassan el&#233;rj&#252;k a &#8222;v&#233;gj&#225;t&#233;kot&#8221; Ukrajn&#225;ban. N&#233;h&#225;ny h&#243;nappal k&#233;s&#337;bb a Magyar K&#252;l&#252;gyi Int&#233;zet egy vezet&#337; kutat&#243;j&#225;val m&#225;r fogad&#225;st k&#246;t&#246;ttem, hogy 2025 v&#233;g&#233;re eg&#233;sz biztosan nem lesz fegyversz&#252;net, s mikor nem lett, akkor emeltem a t&#233;tet mondv&#225;n, hogy 2026 sem fogja elhozni a b&#233;k&#233;t Ukrajn&#225;ban.</p><p>A katonai szak&#233;rt&#337;k &#250;jonnan arr&#243;l besz&#233;lnek, hogy nem puszt&#225;n ez az &#233;v van h&#225;tra. A megv&#225;ltozott harc&#225;szati k&#246;r&#252;lm&#233;nyek bizarr&#225;, futurisztikuss&#225; &#233;s olcs&#243;bb&#225; tett&#233;k a h&#225;bor&#250;t, azonban egyben az &#225;ldozatok sz&#225;m&#225;t is cs&#246;kkentett&#233;k, &#237;gy elh&#250;zva az id&#337;ben a fel&#337;rl&#233;s perspekt&#237;v&#225;j&#225;t. K&#246;nnyen lehet, hogy a fegyversz&#252;netre ak&#225;r k&#233;t, h&#225;rom, n&#233;gy tov&#225;bbi &#233;vet kell v&#225;rjunk.</p><p>Fegyversz&#252;netet k&#246;tni nem lehet <em>csak &#250;gy</em> a kontaktvonal ment&#233;n, b&#233;k&#233;r&#337;l pedig legfeljebb a teljesen laikusok besz&#233;lnek.</p><p>Ezt valamennyien tudjuk.</p><p>Itt sz&#225;mos okot lehetne elemz&#337; szemmel felsorolni. Mindenesetre nem az&#233;rt, mert Moszkva a gonosz birodalma, hanem r&#233;szben az&#233;rt sem, ami miatt az ukr&#225;nok sem l&#225;tnak erre perspekt&#237;v&#225;t. Az orosz f&#233;l ugyan&#250;gy tart att&#243;l, hogy egy fegyversz&#252;netet a nem teljesen legy&#337;z&#246;tt Ukrajna sorai rendez&#233;s&#233;re, tov&#225;bbi v&#233;dvonalak fel&#233;p&#237;t&#233;s&#233;re haszn&#225;ln&#225;, &#237;gy egyszer&#369;bb lehetetlen dolgokat k&#233;rni Kijevt&#337;l.</p><p>Akkor azonban ott az &#246;r&#246;k k&#233;rd&#233;s: Mit tegy&#252;nk?</p><p>Oroszorsz&#225;g sz&#233;tes&#233;s&#233;re nincs semmilyen re&#225;lis es&#233;ly, ez nem a Szovjetuni&#243;. Nincs hov&#225; sz&#233;tesni. A &#8222;Make Russia Small Again&#8221; jelsz&#243; puszta tartalmatlan &#233;s &#246;nc&#233;l&#250; provok&#225;ci&#243;, nem t&#233;nylegesen megval&#243;s&#237;that&#243; re&#225;lis terv.</p><p>Mivel Oroszorsz&#225;gon bel&#252;l az esem&#233;nyeket befoly&#225;solni nem vagyunk k&#233;pesek, ez&#233;rt hossz&#250; t&#225;von valahogyan nyilv&#225;n meg kell tal&#225;ljuk az utat az egy&#252;tt&#233;l&#233;shez egy potenci&#225;lisan m&#233;g a main&#225;l is j&#243;val fasiszt&#225;bb Moszkv&#225;val.</p><p>Ennek a legnagyobb akad&#225;lya azonban az, hogy a h&#225;bor&#250; valami olyat adott Oroszorsz&#225;gnak, amit mi val&#243;ban nehezen tudunk elk&#233;pzelni a meglehet&#337;sen &#8211; a magyar eset&#233;ben kir&#237;v&#243;an &#8211; individualista t&#225;rsadalmainkban: kollekt&#237;v k&#252;ldet&#233;st.</p><p>Nem egyszer&#369; meg&#225;llap&#237;tanunk, hogy val&#243;j&#225;ban meddig b&#237;rj&#225;k pontosan er&#337;forr&#225;sokban &#233;s emberanyagban. Annyi eg&#233;szen biztos, hogy az akt&#237;v konfliktus addig lesz vel&#252;nk, am&#237;g az orosz elit hatalm&#225;ra a h&#225;bor&#250; fenntart&#225;sa kisebb vesz&#233;lyt jelent, mint annak a lecsenget&#233;se. Az orosz sz&#225;m&#237;t&#225;s az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok kapcs&#225;n voltak&#233;pp bizonyos szempontb&#243;l m&#369;k&#246;d&#246;tt. A felt&#233;telek n&#233;lk&#252;li seg&#237;ts&#233;g v&#233;get &#233;rt, Eur&#243;pa azonban meglep&#337; m&#233;rt&#233;kben helyt&#225;llt az elm&#250;lt &#233;vben. Ha azonban Ukrajna elveszne a sz&#225;munkra annak az anyagi k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyei bel&#225;thatatlanok lenn&#233;nek, err&#337;l sz&#225;mos kiv&#225;l&#243; elemz&#233;s sz&#252;letett.</p><p>Voltak&#233;pp egy bizonyos bizarr szempontb&#243;l h&#225;l&#225;snak kellene lenn&#252;nk Moszkv&#225;nak. Legal&#225;bb nem hagynak benn&#252;nket elpuhulni.</p><p>Azonban sz&#225;mos ter&#252;let&#233;t az inform&#225;ci&#243;s h&#225;bor&#250;nak nem siker&#252;lt kell&#337; sikerrel megv&#237;vni. T&#225;rsadalmaink tov&#225;bbra sem &#233;rtik a konvencion&#225;lis elrettent&#337; er&#337; fontoss&#225;g&#225;t &#233;s a hiszteriz&#225;lt politikai k&#246;rnyezetben nem lehet &#233;rtelmes vit&#225;t folytatni olyan dolgokr&#243;l sem, mint p&#233;ld&#225;ul a k&#246;telez&#337; sorkatonai szolg&#225;lat, amely m&#233;g a teljes &#8222;b&#233;keid&#337;ben&#8221; is szolg&#225;lhatta volna a t&#225;rsadalom jav&#225;t, ha azt &#233;rz&#233;kenys&#233;ggel &#233;s hozz&#225;&#233;rt&#233;ssel kezelik. Egy t&#225;rsadalomba j&#243;l integr&#225;lt hadsereg, ami adott esetben megfelel&#337;en kezelve b&#337;v&#237;ti az emberek szakmai perspekt&#237;v&#225;j&#225;t egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem &#246;rd&#246;gt&#337;l val&#243;, s itt lehetne emlegetni ak&#225;r Sv&#225;jc p&#233;ld&#225;j&#225;t is.</p><p>Meggy&#337;z&#337;d&#233;sem, hogy helytelen a k&#233;rd&#233;st &#250;gy feltenni, hogy &#8222;mikor lesz m&#225;r v&#233;ge&#8221;, mert ez elfedi a val&#243;di k&#233;rd&#233;st, amit jobb ism&#233;telten feltenni.</p><p>Mit tegy&#252;nk?</p><p>Mit tegy&#252;nk egy olyan Oroszorsz&#225;ggal, amely identit&#225;sa teljesen &#246;sszefon&#243;dott a h&#225;bor&#250;val? Mit tegy&#252;nk egy olyan Oroszorsz&#225;ggal, amely az &#246;nk&#233;p&#233;t a vel&#252;nk val&#243; feloldhatatlan ellent&#233;tt&#233; reduk&#225;lta? Mit tegy&#252;nk egy ak&#225;r &#233;vtizedes konfliktus el&#233; n&#233;zve? Mit tegy&#252;nk, ha az &#246;r&#246;k h&#225;bor&#250; nem a l&#246;v&#233;sz&#225;rkokat jelenti, hanem egy olyan &#225;llapotot, amelyben a katonai, gazdas&#225;gi &#233;s inform&#225;ci&#243;s dimenzi&#243; egyszerre &#233;s megszak&#237;t&#225;s n&#233;lk&#252;l jelen van az &#233;let&#252;nkben? Mit tegy&#252;nk egy olyan helyzetben, amiben egy v&#233;gletekig hiszteriz&#225;lt &#233;s hamis inform&#225;ci&#243;kkal szennyezett t&#225;rsadalomban kell m&#369;k&#246;dn&#252;nk? Mit tegy&#252;nk a h&#225;bor&#250;val, amely ugyan nem tot&#225;lis anyagh&#225;bor&#250;, de m&#233;gis mindenhov&#225; bef&#233;rk&#337;zik? Hogyan kezelj&#252;k a helyzetet, amiben a b&#233;k&#233;t &#225;h&#237;tjuk &#233;s szeretn&#233;nk az egym&#225;s mellett &#233;l&#233;s fel&#233; fordulni, azonban neh&#233;z eld&#246;nteni, hogy az ellenf&#233;l pontosan mit is tekintene elfogadhat&#243;nak?</p><p>Ha a h&#225;bor&#250; &#8222;&#246;r&#246;k&#8221; akkor megv&#237;vni azt val&#243;ban csak &#250;gy lehet, ahogy Moszkva v&#237;vja: komoly elt&#246;k&#233;lts&#233;ggel &#233;s ideol&#243;gi&#225;val. Lehets&#233;ges vajon az, hogy ezt valaki olyan perspekt&#237;v&#225;b&#243;l v&#237;vja, ahol az egy&#233;n j&#243;l&#233;te a kezd&#337;pont, s v&#233;g&#252;l ez adja meg azt a k&#252;ldet&#233;st, ami a k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;g identit&#225;s&#225;v&#225; v&#225;lik? Az ellentmond&#225;s feloldhatatlannak l&#225;tszik, s az egyetlen felold&#225;s mag&#225;ban a cselekv&#233;sben lehets&#233;ges.</p><p>Tal&#225;n ez&#233;rt k&#233;rdezem &#250;jra: kinek &#237;rok? Mert ha ez val&#243;ban &#246;r&#246;k &#233;s mindenhol ott l&#233;v&#337; h&#225;bor&#250;, akkor az &#237;r&#225;s sem lehet soha puszta elemz&#233;s. Az elemz&#337; k&#233;nyszer&#369;en r&#233;sze annak a vil&#225;gnak, amelyet vizsg&#225;l.</p><h3><strong>ENGLISH</strong></h3><p><strong>Eternal War</strong><br><em>essay</em></p><p>For once, I am not aiming for brevity or analysis. The point here is to provoke thought. The Achilles&#8217; heel of my writing is usually that I have to hack vast chunks away, because I&#8217;m afraid&#8212;the sheer flow of ideas might scare the reader off. I am still learning how to remain authentic and readable when I speak in genres that feel less comfortable to me.</p><p>These days, when critical literature speaks of &#8220;forever war,&#8221; it often treats it as a structural compulsion embedded in capitalist imperialism: the claim that maintaining the world economy&#8212;or the world-system&#8212;through its contradictory core&#8211;periphery relations requires the core to keep shoving the planet&#8217;s less fortunate half back into misery through ongoing armed conflicts. Whether that is true does not matter here; evidently, it is. I mention it only to make one thing clear: that is not what I want to talk about.</p><p>As I work on my doctoral dissertation on the history of Russian foreign policy, I have begun to notice that my thinking has grown more mechanical over the past few years. I barely recognize myself as one theoretical lens after another&#8212;foreign to my instincts&#8212;slides into my view, whether what is at stake is my profession in the narrow sense, or my life in the broad sense.</p><p>Who am I writing for, in the first place?</p><p>If I write for a wider audience, I risk failing to explain what feels self-evident to me. If I write for the profession, I would need to do so on a &#8220;proper&#8221; platform&#8212;something that, for reasons beyond me, and far larger than me, is currently out of reach.</p><p>After the first part of my piece, <em>&#8220;How Russia Loses Its Empire,&#8221;</em> first published here, found a large readership&#8212;and was then republished by <em>K&#252;lpolitika</em>&#8212;I began to doubt myself.</p><p>Because my profession, and everything I do, carries a deeply personal dimension. The golden and silver ages of Russian literature and philosophy, the contradictions of Russian political history, the boundlessness of Russia&#8217;s geography&#8212;these have occupied me more, in many respects, than the history of my own country. Of course not because Russia is some &#8220;exotic&#8221; corner of the planet, but because we are dealing with ideas and currents that have shaped the world we know far more than we like to admit. We can comfort ourselves with illusions, yet what matters to us usually matters only to us.</p><p>I will never forget the day the war broke out, and yet I will refrain from recounting it here&#8212;though telling it might carry lessons worth sharing.</p><p>We tend to think of this war as an abnormal condition interrupting an otherwise peaceful world, and that conviction is difficult to sustain. The outcomes of wars decide the nature and durability of the peaces that follow. World history is a stern teacher in this regard. War, as a phenomenon, is eternal&#8212;it has always been with us&#8212;and yet that is not what this essay is about.</p><p>In 2022, every na&#239;ve hope we once entertained&#8212;that the drift was temporary, that a stale and unreformable state-security elite would eventually be overcome by a technocratic Russian bourgeoisie operating on interests&#8212;collapsed. Back then, we could still imagine that even if Russia would never become Europe&#8217;s perfect neighbor, pragmatic cooperation would override abstract ideological and &#8220;geopolitical&#8221; considerations.</p><p>The Russia where I studied, the Russia where my friends grew up, no longer exists. Nothing remains of it.</p><p>The KGB&#8212;momentarily shaken&#8212;found its way, through the war, back to the reproduction of itself, and through the remolding of society it is infecting new generations with the logic of state security. The processes unfolding inside Russia since 2022 are genuinely (counter-)revolutionary, and there is little chance of reversing or redirecting these trends. In many respects, the Kremlin reads its own society correctly. The community is in the trap together, and Putin has successfully cleared what for his system had long been the most dangerous hurdle: mobilizing a society that had been depoliticized for over twenty years into political mobilization for war.</p><p>Everything will be decided by the war&#8217;s outcome&#8212;an outcome that, in my view, will be far less straightforward than many now assume. A year ago, answering a professional invitation, we spoke with the former commander-in-chief of the Hungarian Defence Forces&#8212;at the time still a military expert, not a politician&#8212;about whether Trump&#8217;s election might finally bring us to the &#8220;endgame&#8221; in Ukraine. A few months later, I even placed a bet with a senior researcher at the Hungarian Institute of International Affairs that there would be no ceasefire by the end of 2025; when that proved true, I raised the stakes and said that 2026 would not bring peace in Ukraine either.</p><p>Military experts have recently begun to argue that it is not merely this year that remains. Changing tactical conditions have made the war bizarre, futuristic, and cheaper&#8212;while also reducing the number of casualties, thereby stretching the prospect of attrition across time. It may take two, three, four more years before a ceasefire becomes possible.</p><p>You cannot simply sign a ceasefire along the line of contact, and talk of peace is mostly the province of the uninitiated.<br>We all know this.</p><p>One could list many reasons in an analytic register. In any case, it is not because Moscow is the empire of evil, and it also relates to why Ukrainians themselves see little perspective here. Russia fears that a ceasefire would give a Ukraine that has not been fully defeated time to reorganize its ranks and build additional defensive lines&#8212;so it becomes easier to demand the impossible from Kyiv.</p><p>And then the eternal question returns: What should we do?</p><p>There is no realistic prospect of Russia&#8217;s disintegration; this is not the Soviet Union. There are no pieces for it to fall apart into. The slogan &#8220;Make Russia Small Again&#8221; is empty, self-serving provocation, not a feasible plan grounded in reality.</p><p>Since we have no capacity to shape events inside Russia, in the long run we must find a way to live alongside a Moscow that may yet become far more fascistic than it is today.</p><p>The greatest obstacle is that the war has given Russia something we struggle to imagine in our markedly&#8212;famously, in Hungary&#8217;s case&#8212;individualistic societies: a collective mission.</p><p>It is difficult to assess precisely how long Russia can endure in resources and manpower. One thing is clear: active conflict will remain with us as long as maintaining the war poses a smaller risk to the Russian elite&#8217;s hold on power than winding it down. In a certain sense, Russia&#8217;s calculation regarding the United States has worked. Unconditional assistance has ended. Europe, however, has held up to a surprising degree over the past year. If Ukraine were to be lost from our perspective, the material consequences would be beyond calculation; many excellent analyses have been written on this.</p><p>In a bizarre way, we might even feel grateful to Moscow. At least they do not allow us to grow soft.</p><p>And yet we have failed to fight several domains of the information war with adequate success. Our societies still fail to grasp the importance of conventional deterrence, and within a hystericized political climate it becomes impossible to hold a serious conversation even about matters such as compulsory military service&#8212;something that could have served the public good even in full &#8220;peacetime,&#8221; if handled with sensitivity and competence. A military integrated into society, properly managed, that can broaden people&#8217;s professional horizons, is far from an inherently monstrous idea. One might even cite Switzerland.</p><p>I am convinced it is a mistake to frame the question as &#8220;when will it finally end,&#8221; because that hides the real question&#8212;the one worth asking again.</p><p>What should we do?</p><p>What do we do with a Russia whose identity has become fully entwined with war? What do we do with a Russia that has reduced its self-image to an irreconcilable opposition to us? What do we do when a conflict measured in decades lies ahead? What do we do if &#8220;eternal war&#8221; does not mean trenches, but a condition in which the military, economic, and informational dimensions are present in our lives at once, continuously, without interruption? What do we do in a situation where we must function inside a society saturated with hysteria and polluted by falsehoods? What do we do with a war that is not a total war of mat&#233;riel, and yet seeps into everything? How do we handle a situation in which we long for peace and want to turn toward coexistence, while it remains difficult to determine what the adversary would consider acceptable?</p><p>If the war is &#8220;eternal,&#8221; then to fight it seems possible only in the way Moscow fights it: with serious resolve and ideology. Is it possible to fight from a perspective where individual well-being is the starting point&#8212;and where that, in the end, becomes the mission that hardens into a community&#8217;s identity? The contradiction appears irresolvable, and the only resolution lies in action itself.</p><p>Perhaps that is why I ask again: who am I writing for? Because if this really is an eternal war, present everywhere, then writing can never be mere analysis. The analyst is, inevitably, part of the world he examines.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Diplomacy as the continuation of war by other means / A diplomácia, mint a háború folytatása más eszközökkel ]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is why peace negotiations yield no results / Ez&#233;rt nem hoznak eredm&#233;nyt a b&#233;ket&#225;rgyal&#225;sok]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/diplomacy-as-the-continuation-of</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/diplomacy-as-the-continuation-of</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 07 Feb 2026 19:09:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>(L&#225;sd magyarul lentebb.)</em></p><p>I previously wrote that peace negotiations are not worth our attention. Nevertheless, I continue to follow them, primarily to study the methods of Russian diplomacy. Both Zelensky and Budanov, as well as Russian representatives (such as Kirill Dmitriev), label various stages of the dialogue as &#8220;constructive.&#8221; This is a form of <strong>diplomatic symbiosis</strong>: if negotiations were to collapse entirely, Trump would immediately go searching for a scapegoat.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png" width="1312" height="736" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:736,&quot;width&quot;:1312,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1558704,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/i/187218687?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qZe2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F889168df-38a4-425a-85e0-e2e3cabc5aa9_1312x736.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Below is a brief overview of why there is, in fact, no reason for optimism.</p><h4><strong>1. The &#8220;Discourse on Talks&#8221; vs. the Reality of Demands</strong></h4><p>There is a total decoupling between diplomatic rhetoric and actual strategic reality. Moscow and Kyiv are both projecting extreme optimism toward the Trump administration; they have, so to speak, mastered <strong>&#8220;Trump-speak.&#8221;</strong></p><p>Claims that a deal is &#8220;95% finished&#8221; or that &#8220;preliminary protocols are being followed constructively&#8221; are about as significant as Trump&#8217;s own superlatives. The goal for both Moscow and Kyiv is exclusively to maintain the image of the &#8220;cooperative partner&#8221; in the eyes of the United States. Furthermore, both sides aim to direct potential American punitive measures toward the opponent, avoiding a situation where Trump blames them for the deadlock. In reality, there are negligible signs that either side is preparing their internal stakeholders&#8212;the military leadership, the elite, or the general public&#8212;for the massive compromises essential for a deal.</p><h4><strong>2. The Strategy of &#8220;Position Binding&#8221;</strong></h4><p>The parties are using their interactions with Trump as a trap to bind U.S. foreign policy to their own interests.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Russia</strong> is attempting to use the Alaska summit as a point of reference, despite the fact that no meaningful results regarding Ukraine were achieved there. The &#8220;Anchorage Protocol&#8221; has proven to be a fiction regarding Ukraine, serving only as a talking point for the bilateral diplomatic process. Through this maneuver, they prioritize great-power interests, aiming to fix the conflict as a bilateral Russo-American deal and strip Kyiv of its sovereign decision-making rights.</p></li><li><p><strong>Ukraine</strong>, meanwhile, relies on a strategy of <strong>&#8220;split agreements,&#8221;</strong> deliberately decoupling security guarantees from Russian peace conditions. By securing separate deals with the <strong>&#8220;Coalition of the Willing,&#8221;</strong> they intend to make Western commitment an indisputable fundamental fact, independent of Russian approval. Kyiv&#8217;s goal is to create a safety net that falls outside Moscow&#8217;s veto power, guaranteeing the country&#8217;s long-term security regardless of the political outcome.</p></li></ul><h4><strong>3. Fortifications: The Guarantee Russia is Demanding</strong></h4><p>Presenting the territorial question as a &#8220;final, insignificant detail&#8221; is a deliberate deception practiced by both sides. The disputed territory is, in fact, the most critical military infrastructure. For Ukraine, ceding the Donbas would mean the voluntary abandonment of its strongest defensive lines.</p><p>The <strong>security paradox</strong> is evident here: Western paper-based guarantees can be withdrawn at any time&#8212;a historical lesson the Ukrainians learned from the Budapest Memorandum&#8212;but fortifications built of concrete and steel, supported by minefields, are real. Abandoning these positions would provide an unobstructed path for a future Russian offensive, rendering any signed peace treaty militarily unenforceable for Kyiv.</p><h4><strong>4. The Failure of the 28-Point Plan</strong></h4><p>The American proposal presented in November 2025 attempted to define a non-existent middle ground and thus inevitably failed. However, it was cleverly composed because it forced the parties into a discourse. Yet, anyone monitoring Russian media knows that Vladimir Putin views any plan lacking total political control over Kyiv as merely a temporary ceasefire. Conversely, President Zelenskyy views the points demanding the surrender of fortified lines as synonymous with defeat.</p><p>The plan is currently in a state of clinical death. Russia references it solely to maintain the appearance of diplomatic engagement while continuing its war of attrition. An interesting development, however, is that by negotiating and meeting regularly, the parties have become <strong>&#8220;PR partners.&#8221;</strong> They share a common interest in communicating every minor result&#8212;such as the individual exchange of prisoners of war (as seen this February)&#8212;as a major success.</p><h4><strong>5. No Peace Without Ukraine and Europe</strong></h4><p>Since the reconfiguration of the American financial presence a year ago, the member states of the European Union have shouldered the decisive financial burden of supporting Ukraine. Regarding the 2026 Ukrainian budget deficit, we have effectively provided Ukraine with strategic breathing room through the <strong>$90 billion loan package</strong>.</p><p>Some assessments say, the financial resources for defense are sufficient for approximately 1&#8211;2 more years. Currently, economic analysts on the Russian side do not see further ahead either. (We do not yet know the specifics of the reported <strong>&#8364;800 billion support framework</strong>, but if it is actually implemented, Ukraine would be capable of defending itself for years to come.) While tensions are worsening within the Duma and Russian internal politics due to cash shortages, both the population and the political elite will endure the sacrifice of welfare measures. The Russian government possesses more than enough power to coerce its society.</p><h4><strong>Summary</strong></h4><p>Donald Trump&#8217;s attempt to assert his personal brand as a &#8220;deal-maker&#8221; has been in a dead end regarding Ukraine for over a year. This is unsurprising, as the conflict is <strong>ideological and existential</strong> in nature. Neither the Ukrainians nor the Russians will surrender the fate of their homelands just to provide a temporary boost to the Republican Party.</p><p>The war remains a high-intensity stalemate. In my view, it will last until the final collapse of one side&#8217;s military capabilities or the total exhaustion of financial resources. The diplomatic spectacle and political theater seen in the news are merely a secondary theater of war designed for managing the Americans.</p><p>This war is a marathon; the clock is ticking, and the diplomatic theater described above serves everyone by muffling that particular sound. One small positive: since the dialogue began, there have been fewer reports of Russians executing prisoners of war.</p><h1>HUN</h1><p><strong>Kor&#225;bban &#237;rtam, hogy nem &#233;rdemes foglalkozni a b&#233;ket&#225;rgyal&#225;sokkal. Ennek ellen&#233;re persze ezt teszem, de ez abb&#243;l fakad, hogy az orosz diplom&#225;cia m&#243;dszereit igyekszem tanulm&#225;nyozni. Mind Zelenszkij &#233;s Budanov, mind az orosz k&#233;pvisel&#337;k (mint Kirill Dmitrijev) &#8222;konstrukt&#237;vnak&#8221; nevezik a p&#225;rbesz&#233;d egyes &#225;llom&#225;sait. Ez egyfajta diplom&#225;ciai szimbi&#243;zis: ha a t&#225;rgyal&#225;sok teljesen megszakadn&#225;nak, Trump azonnal b&#369;nbakot keresne.</strong></p><p>Al&#225;bb r&#246;viden, hogy ugyanakkor mi&#233;rt nincs semmi okunk az optimizmusra.</p><h4><strong>1. A &#8222;t&#225;rgyal&#225;sokr&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; diskurzus&#8221; &#233;s a k&#246;vetel&#233;sek val&#243;s&#225;ga</strong></h4><p>A diplom&#225;ciai retorika &#233;s a val&#243;di strat&#233;giai realit&#225;s k&#246;z&#246;tt teljes elv&#225;l&#225;s figyelhet&#337; meg. Moszkva &#233;s Kijev egyar&#225;nt sz&#233;ls&#337;s&#233;ges optimizmust sug&#225;roz a Trump-adminisztr&#225;ci&#243; ir&#225;ny&#225;ba, ha &#250;gy tetszik elsaj&#225;t&#237;tott&#225;k a &#8222;Trump-besz&#233;dm&#243;dot&#8221;. A &#8222;95%-ban k&#233;sz a meg&#225;llapod&#225;s&#8221; vagy az &#8222;el&#337;zetes protokollok konstrukt&#237;v k&#246;vet&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l&#8221; sz&#243;l&#243; kijelent&#233;sek kb. ugyanannyira jelent&#337;s&#233;gteljesek, mint Trump szuperlat&#237;vuszai. Moszkva &#233;s Kijev c&#233;lja egyform&#225;n kiz&#225;r&#243;lag az &#8222;egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#337; partner&#8221; im&#225;zs&#225;nak a fenntart&#225;s&#225;r&#243;l sz&#243;l az Egyes&#252;lt &#193;llamok szem&#233;ben. A felek c&#233;lja az is, hogy az esetleges amerikai b&#252;ntet&#337;int&#233;zked&#233;seket a m&#225;sik oldalra ir&#225;ny&#237;ts&#225;k, elker&#252;lve azt, hogy Trump &#337;ket hib&#225;ztassa a b&#233;kefolyamat elakad&#225;s&#225;&#233;rt. <strong>A val&#243;s&#225;gban ugyanakkor elhanyagolhat&#243; jelek mutatnak arra, hogy a bels&#337; &#233;rintettek &#8211; a katonai vezet&#233;s, az elit vagy a t&#225;rsadalom &#8211; felk&#233;sz&#237;t&#233;se megkezd&#337;d&#246;tt volna a meg&#225;llapod&#225;shoz elengedhetetlen, s&#250;lyos kompromisszumokra &#233;s ez mindk&#233;t harcol&#243; f&#233;l eset&#233;ben meg&#225;llja a hely&#233;t.</strong></p><h4><strong>2. A &#8222;poz&#237;ci&#243;-lek&#246;t&#233;s&#8221; strat&#233;gi&#225;ja</strong></h4><p>A felek a Trumppal val&#243; interakci&#243;ikat az amerikai k&#252;lpolitika saj&#225;t &#233;rdekek ment&#233;n t&#246;rt&#233;n&#337; csapd&#225;ba ejt&#233;s&#233;re haszn&#225;lj&#225;k.</p><p>Oroszorsz&#225;g megpr&#243;b&#225;lja az alaszkai tal&#225;lkoz&#243;t felhaszn&#225;lni hivatkoz&#225;si alapnak, ahol azonban nem sz&#252;lettek Ukrajn&#225;r&#243;l &#233;rdemi eredm&#233;nyek. (Az &#8222;Anchorage-protokoll&#8221; Ukrajna kapcs&#225;n fikci&#243;nak bizonyult, ami a val&#243;s&#225;gban csak a bilater&#225;lis diplom&#225;ciai folyamat kapcs&#225;n tudott el&#337;remutat&#243;v&#225; v&#225;lni.)</p><p>Ezzel a man&#337;verrel a nagyhatalmi &#233;rdek&#233;rv&#233;nyes&#237;t&#233;st helyezik el&#337;t&#233;rbe. Moszkva c&#233;lja a konfliktus orosz&#8211;amerikai k&#233;toldal&#250; alkuk&#233;nt val&#243; r&#246;gz&#237;t&#233;se, megfosztva Kijevet a szuver&#233;n d&#246;nt&#233;shozatali jog&#225;t&#243;l.</p><p>Ukrajna ezzel p&#225;rhuzamosan a &#8222;<strong>sz&#233;tv&#225;lasztott meg&#225;llapod&#225;sok&#8221;</strong> strat&#233;gi&#225;j&#225;ra &#233;p&#237;t, tudatosan lev&#225;lasztva a biztons&#225;gi garanci&#225;k k&#233;rd&#233;s&#233;t az orosz b&#233;kefelt&#233;telekr&#337;l. Az &#8222;Elk&#246;telezettek Koal&#237;ci&#243;j&#225;val&#8221; k&#246;t&#246;tt k&#252;l&#246;n alkuk r&#233;v&#233;n a nyugati elk&#246;telez&#337;d&#233;st az orosz j&#243;v&#225;hagy&#225;st&#243;l f&#252;ggetlen, megfellebbezhetetlen alapvet&#233;ss&#233; k&#237;v&#225;nj&#225;k tenni. Kijev t&#246;rekv&#233;se egy olyan v&#233;d&#337;h&#225;l&#243; l&#233;trehoz&#225;sa, amely Moszkva v&#233;t&#243;jog&#225;n k&#237;v&#252;l esik, garant&#225;lva az orsz&#225;g hossz&#250; t&#225;v&#250; biztons&#225;g&#225;t a politikai rendez&#233;s kimenetel&#233;t&#337;l f&#252;ggetlen&#252;l.</p><h4><strong>3. Ma azok az er&#337;d&#246;k a biztons&#225;gi garancia, amit Oroszorsz&#225;g k&#246;vetel</strong></h4><p>A ter&#252;leti k&#233;rd&#233;s &#8222;v&#233;gs&#337;, jelent&#233;ktelen r&#233;szletk&#233;nt&#8221; val&#243; be&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sa tudatos f&#233;lrevezet&#233;s, amit mindk&#233;t f&#233;l csin&#225;l. A vitatott ter&#252;let val&#243;j&#225;ban a legkritikusabb katonai infrastrukt&#250;ra. A Donbassz &#225;tenged&#233;se Ukrajna sz&#225;m&#225;ra a legjobb v&#233;delmi vonalainak &#246;nk&#233;ntes felad&#225;s&#225;t jelenten&#233;. A biztons&#225;gi paradoxon l&#233;nyege itt &#233;rhet&#337; tetten: a nyugati pap&#237;r alap&#250; garanci&#225;k b&#225;rmikor visszavonhat&#243;k &#8211; a budapesti memorandum t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi tapasztalata is ezt mutatja az ukr&#225;noknak &#8211;, &#225;m a betonb&#243;l &#233;s ac&#233;lb&#243;l &#233;p&#252;lt er&#337;drendszerek &#233;s aknamez&#337;k val&#243;s&#225;gosak. Ezen poz&#237;ci&#243;k elhagy&#225;sa akad&#225;lytalan felvonul&#225;si terepet biztos&#237;tana egy k&#233;s&#337;bbi orosz offenz&#237;v&#225;nak, b&#225;rmilyen al&#225;&#237;rt b&#233;keszerz&#337;d&#233;st katonailag kik&#233;nyszer&#237;thetetlenn&#233; t&#233;ve Kijev sz&#225;m&#225;ra.</p><h4><strong>4. A 28 pontos terv kudarca</strong></h4><p>A 2025 november&#233;ben bemutatott amerikai javaslatcsomag egy nem l&#233;tez&#337; k&#246;z&#233;putat pr&#243;b&#225;lt kijel&#246;lni, &#237;gy az sz&#252;ks&#233;gszer&#369;en elbukott, ugyanakkor &#252;gyesen volt megkompon&#225;lva, mert diskurzusra k&#233;nyszer&#237;ti a feleket. De b&#225;rki is figyeli az orosz m&#233;di&#225;t az eg&#233;sz biztosan vil&#225;gos, hogy Vlagyimir Putyin minden olyan tervet csup&#225;n ideiglenes t&#369;zsz&#252;netnek tekint, amely n&#233;lk&#252;l&#246;zi Kijev feletti teljes politikai kontrollj&#225;t. Ezzel szemben Zelenszkij eln&#246;k a meger&#337;s&#237;tett v&#233;delmi vonalak felad&#225;s&#225;t k&#246;vetel&#337; pontokat a veres&#233;ggel tekinti egyen&#233;rt&#233;k&#369;nek. A terv jelenleg val&#243;j&#225;ban halott &#225;llapotban van; Oroszorsz&#225;g kiz&#225;r&#243;lag a diplom&#225;ciai elk&#246;telezetts&#233;g l&#225;tszat&#225;nak fenntart&#225;sa &#233;rdek&#233;ben hivatkozik r&#225;, mik&#246;zben v&#225;ltozatlanul folytatja a fel&#337;rl&#337; h&#225;bor&#250;t.</p><p>Itt h&#237;vn&#225;m fel a figyelmet azonban egy rendk&#237;v&#252;l &#233;rdekes dologra. Azzal, hogy a felek t&#225;rgyalnak &#233;s rendszeresen tal&#225;lkoznak, &#250;gymond partnerei is lettek egym&#225;snak. K&#246;z&#246;s &#233;rdek minden r&#233;szeredm&#233;ny nagy sikerk&#233;nt val&#243; lekommunik&#225;l&#225;sa, legyen sz&#243; ak&#225;r csak 1-1 hadifogoly kicser&#233;l&#233;s&#233;r&#337;l (most febru&#225;rban is volt ilyen).</p><h4><strong>5. Ukrajna &#233;s Eur&#243;pa n&#233;lk&#252;l nincs b&#233;ke</strong></h4><p>Ukrajna seg&#237;t&#233;s&#233;nek d&#246;nt&#337; anyagi terheit az amerikai p&#233;nz&#252;gyi jelenl&#233;t egy &#233;vvel ezel&#337;tti rekonfigur&#225;ci&#243;ja &#243;ta az Eur&#243;pai Uni&#243; &#225;llamai v&#225;llalt&#225;k magukra. A 2026-os &#233;v ukr&#225;n k&#246;lts&#233;gvet&#233;si hi&#225;ny&#225;ban gyakorlatilag egy strat&#233;giai l&#233;legzetv&#233;telhez seg&#237;tett&#252;k Ukrajn&#225;t a 90 milli&#225;rdos hitelcsomaggal, vagyis a v&#233;dekez&#233;s anyagi forr&#225;sai egyes &#233;rt&#233;kel&#233;sek szerint kb. 1-2 &#233;vre kitol&#243;dtak. Egyel&#337;re enn&#233;l el&#337;r&#233;bb az orosz oldalon sem l&#225;tnak a gazdas&#225;gi elemz&#337;k. (M&#233;g nem tudjuk, hogy a 800 milli&#225;rd eur&#243;s t&#225;mogat&#225;sokr&#243;l sz&#243;l&#243; sajt&#243;h&#237;rek azok konkr&#233;tan mit is jelentenek, de ha ez egyszer val&#243;ban &#225;tmegy, akkor Ukrajna gyakorlatilag tov&#225;bbi &#233;veken &#225;t is k&#233;pes lenne a v&#233;dekez&#233;sre.)</p><p>Ugyan a Duma k&#246;rny&#233;k&#233;n &#233;s az orosz belpolitik&#225;ban egyre s&#250;lyosbodnak a fesz&#252;lts&#233;gek a p&#233;nzhi&#225;ny miatt, &#225;m a j&#243;l&#233;ti int&#233;zked&#233;sek felad&#225;s&#225;t el fogja t&#369;rni a lakoss&#225;g &#233;s a politikai elit is. Az orosz korm&#225;ny b&#337;ven rendelkezik er&#337;vel a t&#225;rsadalm&#225;nak k&#233;nyszer&#237;t&#233;s&#233;re.</p><h4><strong>&#214;sszegz&#233;s</strong></h4><p>Donald Trump k&#237;s&#233;rlete a szem&#233;lyes &#8222;alkuk&#246;t&#337;&#8221; m&#225;rk&#225;j&#225;nak &#233;rv&#233;nyes&#237;t&#233;s&#233;re zs&#225;kutc&#225;ban van Ukrajna kapcs&#225;n imm&#225;r t&#246;bb mint egy &#233;ve, ami nem meglep&#337;, <strong>mert a konfliktus ideol&#243;giai &#233;s egzisztenci&#225;lis term&#233;szet&#369;</strong>. Haz&#225;juk sors&#225;t sem az ukr&#225;nok sem az oroszok nem fogj&#225;k feladni az&#233;rt, hogy az id&#337;k&#246;zikre kiseg&#237;ts&#233;k a republik&#225;nus p&#225;rtot.</p><p>A h&#225;bor&#250; nagy intenzit&#225;s&#250; patthelyzet maradt &#233;s bevallom, hogy a percepci&#243;m szerint az egyik f&#233;l katonai k&#233;pess&#233;geinek v&#233;gs&#337; &#246;sszeoml&#225;s&#225;ig vagy az anyagi forr&#225;sok teljes kimer&#252;l&#233;s&#233;ig fog tartani. A h&#237;rekben l&#225;that&#243; diplom&#225;ciai spekt&#225;kulum &#233;s politikai sz&#237;nh&#225;z egy m&#225;sodlagos hadsz&#237;nt&#233;r az amerikaiak menedzsel&#233;s&#233;re.</p><p>Ez a h&#225;bor&#250; maratonfut&#225;si verseny, az &#243;ra ketyeg &#233;s a fent v&#225;zolt diplom&#225;ciai sz&#237;nh&#225;z most mindenkinek a szolg&#225;lat&#225;ban &#225;ll, hogy ne halljuk ezt a bizonyos ketyeg&#233;st.</p><p><em>Annyi pozit&#237;vum az&#233;rt van, hogy a felek dial&#243;gusa &#243;ta kevesebb sajt&#243;h&#237;rt hallani arr&#243;l, hogy az oroszok agyonl&#246;vik a hadifoglyokat.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Mikor említették először magyarul a "geopolitika" fogalmát?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kor&#225;bban felmer&#252;lt bennem a k&#233;rd&#233;s, hogy vajon milyen recepci&#243;n &#225;t ker&#252;lt be a magyar nyelvbe a &#8220;geopolitika&#8221; fogalma.]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/mikor-emlitettek-eloszor-magyarul</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/mikor-emlitettek-eloszor-magyarul</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2026 17:35:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAdK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd425b6b-6258-47cc-ac6b-2ce2b9512101_863x736.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Kor&#225;bban felmer&#252;lt bennem a k&#233;rd&#233;s, hogy vajon milyen recepci&#243;n &#225;t ker&#252;lt be a magyar nyelvbe a &#8220;geopolitika&#8221; fogalma. Nem tudom, hogy valaki feldolgozta-e m&#225;r ezt a t&#233;m&#225;t tudom&#225;nyos tanulm&#225;nyban. (Ha valaki tud ilyenr&#337;l &#233;s megosztan&#225; velem azt megk&#246;sz&#246;nn&#233;m.)</p><p>Az Arcanum az els&#337; eml&#237;t&#233;st 1910-ben jelen&#237;ti meg a Budapesti H&#237;rlapban. A cikk c&#237;me: &#8220;Az angolok cs&#252;gged&#233;se&#8221; szerz&#337;je pedig dr. Reich Emil, aki az Egyes&#252;lt Kir&#225;lys&#225;gban &#233;l&#337; t&#246;rt&#233;n&#233;sz &#233;s essz&#233;ista volt. A wiki szerint &#8220;az oxfordi, londoni, cambridge-i egyetemeken tartott nagy n&#233;pszer&#369;s&#233;gnek &#246;rvend&#337; ismeretterjeszt&#337; el&#337;ad&#225;sokat t&#246;rt&#233;netfiloz&#243;fiai, etikai &#233;s t&#225;rsadalmi k&#233;rd&#233;sekr&#337;l, liber&#225;lis szellemben.&#8221;</p><p>Gyan&#237;tom, hogy k&#246;nnyen lehet, hogy a fogalmat m&#225;r haszn&#225;lt&#225;k m&#225;shol, ugyanakkor m&#233;gis jelent&#337;s ez a cikk, mert itt nem egy k&#233;s&#337;bbi, tank&#246;nyvi jelent&#233;s&#369; &#8222;geopolitik&#225;r&#243;l&#8221; van sz&#243;, hanem egy korai, publicisztikai k&#246;rnyezetben megjelen&#337;, tudatos terminusalkot&#225;sr&#243;l, r&#225;ad&#225;sul magyar nyelven, nagyk&#246;z&#246;ns&#233;g el&#337;tt, egy olyan id&#337;szakban, amikor a fogalom Nyugat-Eur&#243;p&#225;ban is m&#233;g form&#225;l&#243;dik.</p><p>A cikk az&#233;rt is fontos mert ha kritikai szemmel n&#233;zz&#252;k r&#225;vil&#225;g&#237;t, hogy mi a fogalom legitim &#233;rtelme &#8211; &#233;s mi nem az. Mikor Reich azt &#237;rja, hogy &#8222;a t&#246;rt&#233;nelem &#233;s a f&#246;ldrajzi elemek, egysz&#243;val az, amit geopolitik&#225;nak neveztem el&#8221;, az nem a t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi v&#233;gzetr&#337;l sz&#243;l - mint amir&#337;l manaps&#225;g is el&#233;g sokan besz&#233;lnek. A geopolitika, j&#243;l felfogva magyar&#225;z&#243; elemz&#233;si keret, analitikus kateg&#243;ria. A sz&#246;veg alapj&#225;n defini&#225;lhatjuk &#250;gy mint: f&#246;ldrajzi helyzet, t&#246;rt&#233;neti tapasztalat &#233;s aktu&#225;lis hatalmi viszonyok egy&#252;ttese, amely egy nemzet ideiglenes politikai karakter&#233;t alak&#237;tja.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAdK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd425b6b-6258-47cc-ac6b-2ce2b9512101_863x736.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAdK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd425b6b-6258-47cc-ac6b-2ce2b9512101_863x736.png 424w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ez kulcssz&#243;: ideiglenes! </p><p>Reich kifejezetten hangs&#250;lyozza, hogy nincs &#225;lland&#243;s&#225;g, nincs &#246;r&#246;k nemzeti vagy &#225;llami term&#233;szet, a vil&#225;g dinamikus. A cikk r&#233;szben a determinizmussal, r&#233;szben pedig az igen n&#233;pszer&#369; sz&#233;ls&#337;s&#233;ges fajelm&#233;letekkel (f&#337;leg Gobineau-val) polemiz&#225;l. </p><p>Pl. a cikk a Brit Birodalom elemz&#233;se folyam&#225;n, nem azt &#225;ll&#237;tja, hogy Anglia mindig ilyen volt vagy lesz, hanem azt, hogy a nemzetk&#246;zi k&#246;rnyezet v&#225;ltoz&#225;s&#225;t &#233;rtelmezhetj&#252;k a politikai f&#246;ldrajz lencs&#233;j&#233;n kereszt&#252;l is. Nos, egy&#233;bk&#233;nt ez a geopolitika ma is legitim form&#225;ja; vagyis analitikus kateg&#243;ria, amely a t&#233;r &#233;s a politika kapcsolat&#225;t vizsg&#225;lja, nem pedig arra hivatott, hogy azt igazolja.</p><p>Ezzel szemben a geopolitika jellemz&#337;bb, n&#233;pszer&#369; &#8211; &#233;s tudom&#225;nyosan &#233;rt&#233;ktelen &#8211; v&#225;ltozata &#233;pp ezt a nyitotts&#225;got z&#225;rja le. A t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi &#233;s f&#246;ldrajzi determinizmus (kuruzsl&#225;s) azt mondja: &#8222;ennek &#233;s ennek &#237;gy kellett t&#246;rt&#233;nnie&#8221;, &#8222;ez a n&#233;p ilyen vagy olyan&#8221;, &#8222;ez a konfliktus elker&#252;lhetetlen&#8221;,  &#8220;a politika vast&#246;rv&#233;nyei ezt mondj&#225;k&#8221; stb. Ez a fajta geopolitika kifejezetten nem analitikus kateg&#243;ria, hanem gyakorlatilag egy nem-marxista materialista ideol&#243;gia, determinisztikus jellemz&#337;kkel, ami a f&#246;ldrajzb&#243;l &#246;nk&#233;nyes v&#233;gzetet csin&#225;l, a m&#250;ltb&#243;l pedig politikai ments&#233;get. (Azt pedig mondani sem kell, hogy a hatalom, az er&#337;szak &#233;s a h&#243;d&#237;t&#225;s igazol&#225;sa a c&#233;l.)</p><p>Reich sz&#246;vege ebb&#337;l a szempontb&#243;l tanuls&#225;gos ellenp&#233;lda. B&#225;r tele van korabeli el&#337;&#237;t&#233;letekkel &#233;s n&#233;ha nevets&#233;gesen t&#250;lz&#243; nemzetkarakterol&#243;gi&#225;val, de egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem fatalista. Nem mondja, hogy az angol&#8211;n&#233;met &#246;ssze&#252;tk&#246;z&#233;s &#8220;term&#233;szeti vast&#246;rv&#233;ny&#8221;, hanem arr&#243;l besz&#233;l, hogy a strat&#233;giai k&#246;rnyezet &#233;s a percepci&#243; olyan ir&#225;nyba tolja a d&#246;nt&#233;shoz&#243;kat, amely n&#246;veli a konfliktusok kock&#225;zat&#225;t. Ez &#243;ri&#225;si k&#252;l&#246;nbs&#233;g. Pl. mikor &#237;gy fogalmaz az 1908-as konfliktus kapcs&#225;n: &#8222;Most mondhatom: tudtam, hogy N&#233;metorsz&#225;g nem akar kontinent&#225;lis h&#225;bor&#250;t. Ergo nem lesz. Nem is volt.&#8221; --&gt; Vagyis nem a f&#246;ldrajzi determin&#225;lts&#225;g d&#246;nti el, hogy lesz-e h&#225;bor&#250;, hanem t&#246;bbek k&#246;z&#246;tt az &#225;llam vezet&#337;inek az akarata! A &#8220;geopolitika&#8221; a f&#246;ldrajzi/politikai k&#246;r&#252;lm&#233;nyeket, amelyek el&#337;ir&#225;nyozz&#225;k a konfliktust tudja csak elemezni, mert ennyire alkalmas.</p><p>&#201;rdemes volt visszaolvasni ezt az &#237;r&#225;st. Nem az&#233;rt, mert &#8222;igaza lett&#8221;, hanem mert m&#225;r a fogalom bevezet&#233;s&#233;n&#233;l a magyar nyelvbe is megmutatkozik az a vesz&#233;lyes hat&#225;rvonal, amir&#337;l fentebb is besz&#233;ltem. </p><p>Amikor a &#8220;geopolitika&#8221; elemz&#233;si m&#243;dszertan marad, akkor seg&#237;t meg&#233;rteni a vil&#225;got &#233;s a konfliktusokat. Amikor viszont ideol&#243;gi&#225;v&#225; v&#225;lik, akkor leegyszer&#369;s&#237;t &#233;s felmenti azokat, akik hatalmi poz&#237;ci&#243;t foglalnak el. Ha &#237;gy mondjuk akkor ki tudn&#225; komolyan venni: &#8220;nem volt m&#225;s lehet&#337;s&#233;gem, csak hogy megpr&#243;b&#225;ljam uralni a vil&#225;got?&#8221;</p><p>A k&#233;t dolog persze sosem v&#225;lik el teljesen egym&#225;st&#243;l, de Reichn&#233;l m&#233;g az&#233;rt az el&#337;bbit l&#225;tjuk.</p><p>A professzor a cikk &#237;r&#225;sa ut&#225;n nem sokkal elhunyt. Az Arcanumon a k&#246;vetkez&#337; tal&#225;lat &#246;t &#233;vvel k&#233;s&#337;bbr&#337;l sz&#225;rmazik.</p><p>Bevallom, hogy kicsit elegem van a fogalomb&#243;l, amikor pedig valaki egy hatalom &#8220;geopolitikai &#233;rdekeir&#337;l&#8221; besz&#233;l, akkor az els&#337; reakci&#243;m a m&#233;ly gyanakv&#225;s. </p><p>Egy kritikai diskurzuselemz&#233;sre a fogalom magyar haszn&#225;lat&#225;r&#243;l nagy sz&#252;ks&#233;g lenne &#233;s j&#243; publik&#225;ci&#243; is sz&#252;lethetne bel&#337;le.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Milyen béke?]]></title><description><![CDATA[BRIEFING &#233;s TLDR forgat&#243;k&#246;nyvek a fegyversz&#252;netre]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/milyen-beke</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/milyen-beke</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 24 Jan 2026 21:41:40 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Al&#225;bb egy r&#246;vid &#233;s egy hossz&#250; verzi&#243; tal&#225;lhat&#243; nagyj&#225;b&#243;l ugyanarr&#243;l. A visszajelz&#233;seket nagyon megk&#246;sz&#246;n&#246;m!</p><p>BRIEFING - egy oldalban</p><p><strong>Az orosz&#8211;ukr&#225;n konfliktus befagyaszt&#225;s&#225;nak forgat&#243;k&#246;nyvei.</strong></p><p><strong>Tov&#225;bbra is meggy&#337;z&#337;d&#233;sem, hogy 2026-ban a h&#225;bor&#250; t&#233;nyleges lez&#225;r&#225;sa val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;tlen. A jelenlegi diplom&#225;ciai k&#237;s&#233;rletek (Abu-Dzabi, B&#233;ketan&#225;cs) a felek taktikai id&#337;h&#250;z&#225;s&#225;t szolg&#225;lj&#225;k a 2026-os amerikai id&#337;k&#246;zi v&#225;laszt&#225;sok el&#337;tt. Mostanra az &#233;n &#233;rt&#233;kel&#233;sem szerint a legval&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;bb kimenetell&#233; egy &#8222;p&#252;rroszi orosz gy&#337;zelem&#8221; (lentebb 4. forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv) v&#225;lt, amely r&#246;gz&#237;ten&#233; Ukrajn&#225;nak a Donbassz de facto elveszt&#233;s&#233;t, r&#225;ad&#225;sul fenntartja a hossz&#250; t&#225;v&#250; instabilit&#225;st &#233;s egy &#250;jabb inv&#225;zi&#243; kock&#225;zat&#225;t.</strong></p><p>Helyzet&#233;rt&#233;kel&#233;s:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Diplom&#225;ciai holtpont:</strong> A t&#225;rgyal&#225;sok alatt zajl&#243; akt&#237;v dr&#243;nt&#225;mad&#225;sok &#233;s civil &#225;ldozatok igazolj&#225;k, hogy a felek nem engedtek a v&#246;r&#246;s vonalaikb&#243;l. A p&#225;rbesz&#233;d c&#233;lja csup&#225;n a PR-menedzsment Washington sz&#225;m&#225;ra.</p></li><li><p><strong>Nyugati t&#225;mogat&#225;s:</strong> Washington m&#225;r egy &#233;ve &#225;t&#225;llt a hitelalap&#250; finansz&#237;roz&#225;sra (&#8222;aj&#225;nd&#233;kok&#8221; v&#233;ge), Eur&#243;pa pedig egyed&#252;l viszi a finansz&#237;roz&#225;si terhek t&#246;bbs&#233;g&#233;t (Ukraine Facility, SAFE, 90 milli&#225;rdos konstrukci&#243;). Az EU n&#233;lk&#252;l teh&#225;t nem lehet b&#233;k&#233;t k&#246;tni Ukrajna feje f&#246;l&#246;tt.</p></li><li><p><strong>Katonai realit&#225;s:</strong> Egyik f&#233;l sem rendelkezik az &#225;tt&#246;r&#233;shez sz&#252;ks&#233;ges technol&#243;giai f&#246;l&#233;nnyel (Wunderwaffe-effektus hi&#225;nya).</p></li></ul><p>Forgat&#243;k&#246;nyvek:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png" width="720" height="279" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:279,&quot;width&quot;:720,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:35341,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/i/185664274?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3pL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33dd41e3-69f8-4aa1-b0e8-de0e53e7baf9_720x279.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>Kock&#225;zatok</strong></h3><ol><li><p>Moszkva sz&#225;m&#225;ra a Donbassz csak akkor gy&#337;zelem, ha az ugr&#243;deszk&#225;t biztos&#237;t Ogyessza &#233;s Harkov k&#233;s&#337;bbi megszerz&#233;s&#233;hez. Az orosz gazdas&#225;gi &#233;s emberi &#225;ldozatv&#225;llal&#225;s ugyanis ideol&#243;giai &#237;ven mozog.</p></li><li><p><strong>Eur&#243;pai koh&#233;zi&#243;:</strong> B&#225;r a p&#233;nz&#252;gyi alapok rendelkez&#233;sre &#225;llnak, a t&#225;rsadalmi t&#225;mogatotts&#225;g fenntart&#225;sa a &#8222;h&#225;bor&#250;t nem l&#225;tott&#8221; orsz&#225;gokban 2 &#233;ves t&#225;vlatban bizonytalan.</p></li><li><p><strong>Hossz&#250; t&#225;v&#250; instabilit&#225;s:</strong> B&#225;rmilyen fegyversz&#252;net, amely Ukrajn&#225;t biztons&#225;gi garanci&#225;k n&#233;lk&#252;l hagyja a sz&#252;rke z&#243;n&#225;ban, csup&#225;n el&#337;k&#233;sz&#237;t&#233;se egy 1. forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv el&#233;r&#233;s&#233;re szolg&#225;l&#243; &#250;jabb orosz inv&#225;zi&#243;nak.</p></li></ol><blockquote><p><em><strong>Z&#225;r&#243; &#233;szrev&#233;tel:</strong> A b&#233;ke ill&#250;zi&#243;, a fegyversz&#252;net pedig csup&#225;n a logisztikai &#233;s politikai &#250;jracsoportos&#237;t&#225;s eszk&#246;ze. Ukrajna sorsa a tag&#225;llamokon &#233;s a nyugati politikai sz&#233;lj&#225;r&#225;son m&#250;lik.</em></p></blockquote><p></p><p><strong>TLDR VERZI&#211;:</strong></p><p></p><p>&#205;rtam kor&#225;bban, hogy nem gondolom, hogy id&#233;n komolyan sz&#225;molni kellene m&#233;g a h&#225;bor&#250; v&#233;g&#233;vel.</p><p>Amir&#337;l al&#225;bb &#237;rok az nem a b&#233;ke. T&#233;nyleges b&#233;keszerz&#337;d&#233;sre &#337;szint&#233;n sz&#243;lva a saj&#225;t &#233;letem folyam&#225;n ek&#246;z&#246;tt a k&#233;t nemzet k&#246;z&#246;tt nem sz&#225;molok komolyan. Fegyversz&#252;netr&#337;l besz&#233;lhet&#252;nk. Egyesek most arr&#243;l besz&#233;lnek, hogy az ukr&#225;n eln&#246;k is konstrukt&#237;vnak &#237;t&#233;lte a legut&#243;bbi t&#225;rgyal&#225;sokat, a t&#233;nyekre val&#243; tekintettel &#233;n ezt puszta kommunik&#225;ci&#243;nak gondolom.</p><p>A jelenlegi abu-dhabi k&#246;rt&#337;l v&#225;rni b&#225;rmit el&#233;g &#233;rdekes, tekintettel az egy&#233;b esem&#233;nyekre. Alig n&#233;h&#225;ny &#243;r&#225;ja Marija Zakharova azt &#225;ll&#237;totta, hogy a t&#225;rgyal&#225;sok alatt az ukr&#225;n dr&#243;nok civileket &#246;ltek meg Herszonban &#233;s az ukr&#225;n oldal is orosz dr&#243;nt&#225;mad&#225;sokr&#243;l sz&#225;molt be civilek ellen, a harcok semmit nem csillapodtak. A t&#225;rgyal&#225;s mindk&#233;t f&#233;lnek id&#337;h&#250;z&#225;sul szolg&#225;l, egyik&#252;k sem tud a v&#246;r&#246;s vonalaib&#243;l engedni, hogy PR gy&#337;zelmet sz&#225;ll&#237;tson Trumpnak az id&#337;k&#246;zi v&#225;laszt&#225;sokra, ami a B&#233;ketan&#225;csnak is a l&#233;nyege. <em>(Tov&#225;bbra is k&#233;zifegyveres &#246;sszecsap&#225;sok &#233;s l&#233;gicsap&#225;sok zajlanak a g&#225;zai &#246;vezetben, b&#225;r t&#233;ny hogy kisebb intenzit&#225;ssal. Az egyik harcol&#243; f&#233;l gyakorlatilag nem k&#233;pviselteti mag&#225;t az asztaln&#225;l.)</em></p><p>A magam r&#233;sz&#233;r&#337;l egyel&#337;re elengedem a diplom&#225;ciai folyamatok ilyen monitoroz&#225;s&#225;t, pl&#225;ne ennek a f&#243;rumnak a fel&#225;ll&#237;t&#225;sa ut&#225;n. (Err&#337;l a napokban &#237;rok, hogy mi&#233;rt.)</p><p><strong>A fegyversz&#252;net j&#246;v&#337;beli lehet&#337;s&#233;gei:</strong></p><p>Itt az ember &#246;nk&#233;ntelen&#252;l is az intu&#237;ci&#243;j&#225;ra k&#233;nytelen t&#225;maszkodni, amiben sok a &#8222;tal&#225;n&#8221; &#233;s a puszta spekul&#225;ci&#243;.</p><p>Ukrajna teljes megsz&#225;ll&#225;sa semmilyen probl&#233;m&#225;t nem oldana meg Moszkv&#225;nak, viszont a r&#233;szleges megh&#243;d&#237;t&#225;sa &#250;gy, hogy a &#8222;marad&#233;kot&#8221; sors&#225;ra hagyja a NATO &#233;s az EU egy kv&#225;zi optim&#225;lis kimenetel.</p><p>Az &#233;n fejemben n&#233;h&#225;ny politikai forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv az&#233;rt akad, de Moszkva egyetlenben sem k&#233;pes &#250;jj&#225;&#233;p&#237;teni a birodalm&#225;t, legfeljebb menedzselnie azt, amivel m&#233;g rendelkezik.</p><p><strong>1. Moszkv&#225;nak ide&#225;lis eset</strong> &#8211; sz&#225;razf&#246;ldi Ukrajna.</p><p>Az &#246;rd&#246;g&#246;t &#233;rdemes felfesteni el&#337;sz&#246;r a falra. Ha az oroszok valami csoda folyt&#225;n k&#233;pesek lenn&#233;nek &#225;tt&#246;rni a hal&#225;lz&#243;n&#225;t (le&#225;nykori nev&#233;n a frontvonalat), akkor is nagyon val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;tlen, hogy megkock&#225;ztatj&#225;k eg&#233;sz Ukrajna megsz&#225;ll&#225;s&#225;t. Az orsz&#225;g kb 40%-&#225;nak megszerz&#233;se &#233;s &#250;jj&#225;&#233;p&#237;t&#233;se is kolossz&#225;lis terhel&#233;s lenne &#233;s az &#8222;&#218;j-Oroszorsz&#225;g&#8221; annexi&#243;ja &#8211; amiben Ogyessza is benne van &#8211; &#246;nmag&#225;ban is rendk&#237;v&#252;li biztons&#225;gi kih&#237;v&#225;sk&#233;nt tornyosulna, viszont ide&#225;lis PR gy&#337;zelem &#233;s tal&#225;n p&#225;r sz&#225;zezer megsz&#225;ll&#243;val, biztons&#225;gi szolg&#225;lattal, orosz g&#225;rd&#225;val stb. id&#337;vel meg is oldhat&#243; a ter&#252;let pacifik&#225;l&#225;sa. </p><p><em>&#8222;Minden orosz ter&#252;letet felszabad&#237;tottunk!&#8221; </em></p><p>A marad&#233;k Ukrajna ak&#225;r be is l&#233;phet az EU-ba, ha a NATO nem tud megk&#252;zdeni a bels&#337; probl&#233;m&#225;ival. Ebben rengeteg a &#8220;ha&#8221; &#233;s a &#8220;tal&#225;n&#8221;, de az USA &#233;s az EU kapcsolat&#225;nak negat&#237;v fordulata ezen a ponton ak&#225;r kecsegtet&#337; is lehet Moszkv&#225;b&#243;l n&#233;zve. Ismeretes hogy az oroszok hossz&#250;t&#225;von szeretnek gondolkodni. </p><p>Ebben a fenti &#8211; sz&#225;momra nehezen elk&#233;pzelhet&#337; &#8211; esetben Moszkv&#225;nak m&#233;g az az opci&#243;ja is fennmarad, hogy tesztelgesse az EU kollekt&#237;v v&#233;delm&#233;nek elk&#246;telezetts&#233;g&#233;t a balti &#225;llamok kapcs&#225;n hossz&#250;t&#225;von, olyan k&#246;r&#252;lm&#233;nyek k&#246;z&#246;tt amiben kontroll&#225;lhatja az eszkal&#225;ci&#243;t.</p><p><strong>2. Ukrajna sz&#225;m&#225;ra ide&#225;lis eset</strong> &#8211; az elfoglalt ter&#252;letek visszaszerz&#233;se.</p><p>L&#225;ssuk be; Kijev csapatai eset&#233;ben sem elk&#233;pzelhet&#337;, hogy a megford&#237;tj&#225;k a jelenlegi tendenci&#225;kat &#233;s &#337;k t&#246;rik &#225;t a hal&#225;lz&#243;n&#225;t. Persze valami rendk&#237;v&#252;li technol&#243;giai innov&#225;ci&#243; ezt esetleg val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;bb&#233; tehetn&#233; pl. valami elektronikus harci eszk&#246;z, de nem vall b&#246;lcs gondolkod&#225;sra a Wunderwaffe-v&#225;r&#225;s. Ha Ukrajna mindent meg is kap t&#337;l&#252;nk az is realisztikusan maximum arra el&#233;g, hogy a frontvonalat befagyassz&#225;k. Ebben a hipotetikus esetben a Kr&#237;m tov&#225;bbra is lehetetlen feladat maradna, de t&#233;telezz&#252;k fel m&#233;g azt is vissza lehet v&#237;vni. Ebben a forgat&#243;k&#246;nyvben Ukrajna az EU &#233;s a NATO teljes k&#246;r&#369; tagja lenne &#233;s maximum c&#233;lk&#233;nt Oroszorsz&#225;g pedig megfutamodna. Nem l&#225;tok arra utal&#243; jelet, hogy ez egy elk&#233;pzelhet&#337; tendenci&#225;v&#225; tehet&#337; (ak&#225;r csak r&#233;szlegesen is).</p><p><strong>3, Moszkv&#225;nak elfogadhat&#243; kimenetelel</strong> &#8211; Harc n&#233;lk&#252;l tov&#225;bbi ter&#252;letek megszerz&#233;se &#233;s Ukrajna marad&#233;k&#225;nak katonai &#233;s politikai elszigetel&#233;se. </p><p>Ebben az esetben Ukrajn&#225;t siker&#252;l kivonni a nyugati integr&#225;ci&#243;s folyamatb&#243;l a fontosabb er&#337;dv&#225;rosok elfoglal&#225;s&#225;val, de Ukrajna saj&#225;t katonai kapacit&#225;sai megmaradn&#225;nak. A h&#225;bor&#250;s opci&#243; egy hosszabb t&#225;von fennmaradna &#233;s az oroszok megn&#233;zhetn&#233;k a politikai koh&#233;zi&#243; alakul&#225;s&#225;t egy &#8222;b&#233;keid&#337;s&#8221; Ukrajn&#225;ban &#233;s Eur&#243;p&#225;ban, de a ter&#252;leti konfliktus miatt az integr&#225;ci&#243; technikailag &#233;s percepcion&#225;lisan is nagyon neh&#233;z lenne. A hitelalap&#250; t&#225;mogat&#225;s Ukrajn&#225;t &#233;vtizedekre a Nyugathoz l&#225;ncolja (ad&#243;ss&#225;gcsapda vagy Marshall-terv t&#237;pus&#250; f&#252;gg&#337;s&#233;g), ami Moszkva szem&#233;ben egy &#8220;de facto&#8221; NATO/EU integr&#225;ci&#243;, m&#233;g ha pap&#237;ron nem is az &#233;s ez r&#246;vid id&#337;horizontot ny&#250;jtana &#250;jabb meglepet&#233;sszer&#369; t&#225;mad&#225;sra az 1-es forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv el&#233;r&#233;s&#233;nek &#233;rdek&#233;ben.</p><p><strong>4, P&#252;rroszi orosz gy&#337;zelem. (Most a legval&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;bb ir&#225;ny)</strong></p><p><strong>Ebben az esetben Moszkva megszerzi a Donbasszt, de egy id&#337;re lemond Ogyessz&#225;r&#243;l</strong>. A nemzetk&#246;zi rendszer marad &#233;rintetlen&#252;l, a h&#225;bor&#250; n&#233;h&#225;ny &#233;vre f&#233;lbemarad. Ukrajna nem EU &#233;s NATO tag. A biztons&#225;gi garanci&#225;k kimer&#252;lnek hitelben, p&#233;nzben &#233;s fegyverben.</p><p><strong>Ez al&#225; nem lehet menni Moszkv&#225;ban.</strong> Hossz&#250; t&#225;v&#250; lehet&#337;s&#233;gk&#233;nt fenn kell maradnia Ogyessza &#233;s Harkov megsz&#225;ll&#225;s&#225;nak. Ezek az orosz politikai gondolkod&#225;sban orosz v&#225;rosok (most vonatkoztassunk el att&#243;l, hogy ki mit gondol err&#337;l). </p><p>Oroszorsz&#225;g csak akkor tekinten&#233; a Donbassz elfoglal&#225;s&#225;t kv&#225;zi gy&#337;zelemnek, ha az lehet&#337;s&#233;geket biztos&#237;tana k&#233;s&#337;bb tov&#225;bbi ter&#252;letek megszerz&#233;s&#233;re. Az EU nem fogja bel&#225;that&#243; id&#337;n bel&#252;l felvenni Ukrajn&#225;t ezt pedig Moszkva ki akarja haszn&#225;lni. A fegyversz&#252;netbe akkor mennek be az oroszok ha ez a lehet&#337;s&#233;g megmarad annak a kock&#225;zatnak az elker&#252;l&#233;s&#233;vel, hogy eur&#243;pai katon&#225;k ker&#252;lnek Ukrajn&#225;ba.</p><p>A koppenh&#225;gai krit&#233;riumokat egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem dobta ki a tag&#225;llamok k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;ge, a felt&#233;teless&#233;g az egy&#233;rtelm&#369; b&#337;v&#237;t&#233;si ir&#225;nyzat a Tan&#225;csban, hi&#225;ba &#237;rnak white paper-eket Ukrajna azonnali felv&#233;tel&#233;r&#337;l a Bizotts&#225;gban, vagy &#233;pp a geopolitikai b&#337;v&#237;t&#233;s ir&#225;nyzat&#225;nak orsz&#225;gaiban (Vars&#243; &#233;s baltiak). Itt &#233;rdemes megeml&#237;teni a <strong>&#8222;reverzibilit&#225;s&#8221;</strong> kock&#225;zat&#225;t: ha Ukrajna a forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv szerinti sz&#252;rke z&#243;n&#225;ban marad, a Nyugat b&#225;rmikor &#8222;elengedheti a kez&#233;t&#8221;, amennyiben a politikai sz&#233;lj&#225;r&#225;s v&#225;ltozik. Ez az, amit&#337;l Kijev a legjobban tart &#233;s ami miatt a fegyversz&#252;netet is eszkal&#225;ci&#243;nak &#233;lhetik meg.</p><p>A gy&#337;zelem az&#233;rt p&#252;rroszi, mert m&#225;r ez&#233;rt is elk&#233;pzelhetetlen &#225;rat fizetn&#233;nek meg az oroszok &#8211; p&#233;nzben, gazdas&#225;gban, emberanyagban, de &#250;gy fest a rendk&#237;v&#252;li ideol&#243;giai elk&#246;telezetts&#233;ggel igenis &#233;rdemes komolyan sz&#225;molni.</p><p>Bevallom, hogy a v&#233;lem&#233;nyem szerint a jelenlegi tendenci&#225;k mellett legink&#225;bb efel&#233; a 4,-as kiemenetel fel&#233; tartunk most, mivel az oroszok elk&#246;telezetts&#233;ge &#233;s ereje egy p&#225;r &#233;ven kereszt&#252;l m&#233;g fenntarthat&#243;, azonban a sz&#252;ks&#233;ges honv&#233;delmi kiad&#225;sokat &#233;s int&#233;zked&#233;seket nagyon neh&#233;z elfogadtatni hossz&#250; t&#225;von a h&#225;bor&#250;t nyolcvan &#233;ve nem l&#225;tott eur&#243;pai t&#225;rsadalmak egy r&#233;sz&#233;vel, &#250;gy hogy ek&#246;zben Ukrajna ilyen m&#233;rt&#233;k&#369; t&#225;mogat&#225;s&#225;t m&#233;g k&#233;t &#233;ven kereszt&#252;l fenntartsuk. Ebben persze nagy seg&#237;ts&#233;g lesz a SAFE program, a most is fut&#243; Ukraine Facility illetve az enhanced cooperation-nel elfogadott &#250;j 90 milli&#225;rdos p&#233;nz&#252;gyi konstrukci&#243;. </p><p>Tal&#225;n van r&#225; n&#233;mi es&#233;ly, egy&#233;rtelm&#369;en vannak pozit&#237;v tendenci&#225;k, viszont &#250;gyis minden a tag&#225;llami alkalmaz&#225;st&#243;l &#233;s a j&#246;v&#337;beli koh&#233;zi&#243;t&#243;l f&#252;gg.</p><p>Amerika most nem &#8222;seg&#237;t&#8221; Ukrajn&#225;nak. Zelenszkij megal&#225;z&#225;sa &#243;ta a Feh&#233;r H&#225;zban Washington hitelekkel t&#225;mogatja Kijevet, nem aj&#225;nd&#233;kokkal. A k&#233;rd&#233;sre, hogy mi lesz, ha Eur&#243;p&#225;nak egyed&#252;l kell seg&#237;tenie Ukrajn&#225;t, m&#225;r megvan a v&#225;lasz. Egy &#233;ve nagyj&#225;b&#243;l ezt tessz&#252;k. (Majd szeretn&#233;k &#237;rni a hitelez&#233;sr&#337;l is egy cikket.)</p><p>Ha ez a helyzet akkor a p&#252;rroszi orosz gy&#337;zelem n&#233;h&#225;ny &#233;ven bel&#252;l szinte biztosan &#250;jabb orosz inv&#225;zi&#243;t &#233;s &#250;jabb h&#225;bor&#250;t jelent, az 1,-es ide&#225;lis forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv el&#233;r&#233;s&#233;nek c&#233;lj&#225;b&#243;l.</p><p><strong>5, P&#252;rroszi ukr&#225;n gy&#337;zelem</strong></p><p>Amivel ezt el lehetne ker&#252;lni Kijevnek - &#233;s szerintem val&#243;j&#225;ban &#337;k pr&#243;b&#225;lkoznak - az a megsz&#225;ll&#243;k m&#233;g n&#233;h&#225;ny &#233;vig tart&#243; komoly apr&#237;t&#225;s&#225;val &#233;s az orosz katonai logisztika fel&#337;rl&#233;s&#233;vel, valamint a h&#225;torsz&#225;gi &#8211; harc&#225;szattal &#246;sszef&#252;gg&#337; &#8211; infrastrukt&#250;ra elleni s&#250;lyos t&#225;mad&#225;sokkal kimer&#237;teni Oroszorsz&#225;got. </p><p>Az ellens&#233;gesked&#233;s megsz&#252;ntet&#233;se &#233;rdek&#233;ben Ukrajna de facto lemond az Oroszorsz&#225;g &#225;ltal elfoglalt ter&#252;letekr&#337;l, de az EU &#233;s a NATO k&#246;zeli partnere lesz, Ukrajn&#225;ban pedig eur&#243;pai vagy amerikai csapatok jelenl&#233;te garant&#225;ln&#225;, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g nem k&#237;s&#233;rletezik t&#246;bb inv&#225;zi&#243;val. Ezzel Oroszorsz&#225;got k&#233;nyszerp&#225;ly&#225;ra lehetne k&#233;nyszer&#237;teni a glob&#225;lis rendszerben is, azonban &#250;gy t&#369;nik hi&#225;nyzik ennek a kimenetelnek az el&#233;r&#233;s&#233;re a transzatlanti &#8211; vagy ak&#225;r csak az eur&#243;pai &#8211; elk&#246;telezetts&#233;g. </p><p>Ez a gy&#337;zelem az&#233;rt p&#252;rroszi, mert Ukrajna ugyan elrettentette az agresszort, &#225;m nemzetk&#246;zi jogi &#233;s politikai &#233;rtelemben ugyanaz az &#233;letk&#233;ptelen torz&#243; maradna, mint ami m&#225;r a teljes k&#246;r&#369; inv&#225;zi&#243;t megel&#337;z&#337;en is volt. Szerintem viszont ez sz&#225;mukra most a re&#225;lisan el&#233;rhet&#337; maximum.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Kinek és miért hiányzik a “Gonosz Birodalma”? / Who misses the “Evil Empire” and why?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Essz&#233; / Essay]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/kinek-es-miert-hianyzik-a-gonosz</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/kinek-es-miert-hianyzik-a-gonosz</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 13:22:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCUc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0bb30a9-07ce-45d4-a747-72c10b272ee0_1621x1088.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>See English below</p><p>Az elm&#250;lt n&#233;h&#225;ny &#233;vtized t&#246;rt&#233;nelm&#233;nek legnagyobb &#233;s legfontosabb t&#246;rt&#233;nelemhamis&#237;t&#225;sa, hogy a Szovjetuni&#243; a CIA vagy a &#8220;Nyugat&#8221; &#225;rm&#225;nykod&#225;sa &#233;s &#252;gyn&#246;kei miatt esett sz&#233;t. Ez egyr&#233;szt annak az amerikai narrat&#237;v&#225;nak k&#246;sz&#246;nhet&#337;, ami &#250;gy adta el ezt a t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi esem&#233;nyt mint gy&#337;zelmet, m&#225;sr&#233;szt a putyinizmusnak, ami ezt egy megal&#225;zotts&#225;gi-s&#233;rtetts&#233;gi narrat&#237;v&#225;ba &#225;gyazta &#233;s haszn&#225;lta fel arra, hogy revansista k&#252;lpolitik&#225;ba fogjon.</p><p>Most ebbe nem megyek bele, de a Szovjetuni&#243; kiz&#225;r&#243;lag bels&#337; ellentmond&#225;sai miatt esett sz&#233;t. Ezt a t&#233;m&#225;t - sz&#225;mos m&#225;s kiv&#225;l&#243; monogr&#225;fia mellett - a legink&#225;bb &#225;tfog&#243; m&#243;don v&#233;lem&#233;nyem szerint Vlagyiszlav Zubov dolgozta fel &#8220;&#214;sszeoml&#225;s&#8221; c&#237;m&#369; m&#369;v&#233;ben. Egy&#233;bk&#233;nt a val&#243;s&#225;gban Washingtonban elk&#233;pzelhetetlen p&#225;nik volt az &#246;sszeoml&#225;si folyamat miatt. A legpesszimist&#225;bbak &#233;s a legink&#225;bb szovjetellenes er&#337;k is hirtelen a lelk&#252;ket is odaadt&#225;k volna, hogy a birodalom egyben maradjon &#233;s ne okozza potenci&#225;lisan a konkr&#233;t vil&#225;gv&#233;g&#233;t a &#8220;Jugoszl&#225;via atomfegyverekkel&#8221; forgat&#243;k&#246;nyv.</p><p>A relat&#237;ve b&#233;k&#233;s buk&#225;s ut&#225;n a Nyugat &#233;s mi (az egykori kliensek) &#252;nnepelt&#252;nk, &#225;m sokan - gyakran m&#233;g az egykori kritikusok is - siratt&#225;k &#233;s siratj&#225;k az elveszett &#225;llamot.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCUc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0bb30a9-07ce-45d4-a747-72c10b272ee0_1621x1088.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>A k&#233;p a redditr&#337;l sz&#225;rmazik. Nincs rajta minden konfliktus egy&#233;bk&#233;nt. N&#233;h&#225;ny forradalommal &#233;s beavatkoz&#225;ssal m&#233;g ki lehetne eg&#233;sz&#237;teni a kis l&#225;ngokat.</em></p><p>Egyesek az ut&#243;pikus &#225;lmot, a moderniz&#225;ci&#243;s alternat&#237;v&#225;t - nekik a kommunista ideol&#243;gia hi&#225;nyzik. Manaps&#225;g tal&#225;n &#337;k vannak a legkevesebben. (B&#225;r m&#233;g akad n&#233;h&#225;ny Iv&#225;n Iv&#225;novics munk&#225;s&#337;rszaurusz, akit nyilv&#225;n ez b&#225;nt a legjobban.)</p><p>M&#225;sok - f&#337;leg az orosz nacionalist&#225;k &#233;s egyes nyugati &#8220;realist&#225;k&#8221; - azt hi&#225;nyolj&#225;k, hogy mikor a t&#233;rk&#233;pre n&#233;znek a vonalakat nem ott l&#225;tj&#225;k megh&#250;zva, ahol szerint&#252;k az &#8220;igazs&#225;gos&#8221; vagy &#8220;logikus&#8221; lenne. (Annak az ironikus mivolt&#225;ba m&#225;r nem menn&#233;k bele, hogy &#233;pp ezek az emberek nevezik magukat a realit&#225;s harcosainak, holott &#233;pp az ilyen &#246;nk&#233;nyes hozz&#225;&#225;ll&#225;ssal teremtik a vil&#225;guk percepci&#243;j&#225;t - ami a legkev&#233;sb&#233; sem azonos az &#250;gymond val&#243;s&#225;ggal, de mindegy is. &#193;ltal&#225;ban ugyanezek az emberek hi&#225;nyolj&#225;k az NKVD &#233;s Szt&#225;lin terrorisztikus r&#233;muralm&#225;t is, mint a &#8220;rend&#8221; korszak&#225;t.)</p><p>A legt&#246;bben azonban - m&#233;g sok orosz &#233;s ut&#243;d&#225;llami ellenz&#233;ki is - a birodalom Szt&#225;lin ut&#225;ni t&#246;rt&#233;net&#233;nek b&#233;k&#237;t&#337; &#233;s integrat&#237;v ereje felett nosztalgi&#225;zik. Az emberek t&#246;bbs&#233;ge a szovjet kozmopolitizmust, a Rig&#225;t&#243;l Dusanb&#233;ig, Vlagyivosztokt&#243;l K&#225;rp&#225;talj&#225;ig tart&#243; zenei turn&#233;kat, hatalmas fesztiv&#225;lokat, az &#246;ld&#246;kl&#233;s &#233;s elz&#225;rts&#225;g helyetti alternat&#237;v univerzumot, a &#8220;m&#225;sodik vil&#225;got&#8221;, a k&#246;z&#246;snek meg&#233;lt eredm&#233;nyeket a tudom&#225;ny, a moderniz&#225;ci&#243; &#233;s a t&#225;rsadalomfejleszt&#233;s ter&#252;let&#233;n, a t&#246;bb&#233;-kev&#233;sb&#233; b&#233;k&#233;s egym&#225;s mellett &#233;l&#233;st, vagyis a &#8220;b&#233;keid&#337;t&#8221; az SZKP XX. kongresszus&#225;t&#243;l a v&#246;r&#246;s z&#225;szl&#243; lev&#233;tel&#233;ig hi&#225;nyolja.</p><p>A gond az, hogy a kollekt&#237;v eml&#233;kezet&#252;nk &#233;s a retorika amiben &#233;l&#252;nk m&#233;g nem tudja &#246;sszetett probl&#233;mak&#233;nt &#233;rt&#233;kelni ezt a t&#246;rt&#233;netet (ahogy magukat a poszt-szovjet h&#225;bor&#250;kat sem), hanem a Reagan-f&#233;le a Szovjetuni&#243; = a &#8222;gonosz birodalma&#8221; skatuly&#225;ba szor&#237;tja azt.</p><p>A leegyszer&#369;s&#237;t&#233;s pedig, amiben &#233;l&#252;nk egyenesen vezet ahhoz a gyermeteg v&#225;gyhoz, hogy a birodalmak buk&#225;s&#225;t ne akk&#233;nt a katasztr&#243;fak&#233;nt gondoljuk el, amit az val&#243;j&#225;ban jelent a n&#233;p sz&#225;m&#225;ra. Az emberek hajlamosak egy kalandfilm vagy valamif&#233;le klasszikus mitol&#243;gia t&#246;rt&#233;neti &#237;v&#233;ben elgondolni a XX. sz&#225;zad t&#246;rt&#233;nelm&#233;t, esetleg &#233;ppen most az ukrajnai h&#225;bor&#250;t. Ha pedig m&#225;r Reagan &#233;s a Gonosz Birodalma, akkor hadd vil&#225;g&#237;tsak r&#225; al&#225;bb, hogy ez mi&#233;rt abszurd:</p><p>A birodalmunkkal bels&#337; l&#225;zad&#243;k fognak szembesz&#225;llni (esk&#252;, hogy nem csak az&#233;rt, mert lekoppintjuk a <em>Star Wars-t</em>.)</p><p>A l&#225;zad&#243;knak nyilv&#225;n az elnyom&#225;s ellen, a szabads&#225;g&#233;rt &#233;s a demokr&#225;ci&#225;&#233;rt kell k&#252;zdeni&#252;k, nem &#250;gy, mint az unalmas val&#243; vil&#225;gbeli l&#225;zad&#243;knak, akik &#225;ltal&#225;ban sz&#369;k r&#233;tegek &#233;rdekeit k&#233;pviselik, mint pl. az etnikai szeparatist&#225;k, a vall&#225;si fundamentalist&#225;k, a bal- vagy jobboldali politikai radik&#225;lisok, b&#369;n&#246;z&#337;i csoportok vagy a hatalmat maguknak k&#246;vetel&#337; katonai puccsist&#225;k.</p><p>Ezek a l&#225;zad&#243;k &#8211; annak ellen&#233;re, hogy frakci&#243;ra szakadtak &#8211; f&#233;lreteszik majd n&#233;zetelt&#233;r&#233;seiket &#233;s b&#233;k&#233;sen egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;dnek, f&#252;ggetlen&#252;l att&#243;l, hogy teljesen &#246;sszef&#233;rhetetlenek az ideol&#243;gi&#225;ik, a c&#233;ljaik &#233;s az emberek akik vezetik &#337;ket. (Persze nem mintha mindez sz&#225;m&#237;tana, hiszen a birodalom az utols&#243; sz&#225;lig lem&#233;sz&#225;roln&#225; mindet, hacsak a h&#337;sies tin&#233;dzser f&#337;szerepl&#337;ink k&#246;zbe nem avatkozn&#225;nak.)</p><p>Miut&#225;n f&#337;szerepl&#337;ink kih&#250;zz&#225;k a l&#225;zad&#243;kat a cs&#225;v&#225;b&#243;l, egy kis realizmust is hozz&#225;adhatn&#225;nk a t&#246;rt&#233;nethez. Mondjuk a l&#225;zad&#243;k h&#337;seink vezet&#233;s&#233;vel kiakn&#225;zhatn&#225;k a birodalom sz&#225;mos t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi gyenges&#233;g&#233;t, amelyek &#225;ltal&#225;ban a buk&#225;st okozz&#225;k - a polg&#225;rh&#225;bor&#250;k &#233;s bels&#337; konfliktusok dar&#225;l&#243;j&#225;t, vagy az elnyom&#225;s &#233;s korrupci&#243; miatti t&#225;rsadalmi nyugtalans&#225;got, a term&#233;szeti er&#337;forr&#225;sok kimer&#252;l&#233;se okozta gazdas&#225;gi instabilit&#225;st, a katasztr&#243;f&#225;kat (p&#233;ld&#225;ul j&#225;rv&#225;nyokat, &#233;h&#237;ns&#233;get, f&#246;ldreng&#233;st stb.), a birodalmat fokozatosan kiszor&#237;t&#243; riv&#225;lis hatalmakat, vagy az eml&#237;tett riv&#225;lisokkal v&#237;vott &#225;lland&#243; k&#252;ls&#337; fel&#337;rl&#337; h&#225;bor&#250;kat.</p><p>Ezek k&#246;z&#252;l egy vagy t&#246;bb gyakran okozta m&#233;g a leghatalmasabb birodalmak fokozatos hanyatl&#225;s&#225;t &#233;s buk&#225;s&#225;t is.</p><p>Ugyanakkor a kital&#225;lt birodalmaknak egyetlen gyenges&#233;g&#252;k van - b&#225;tor h&#337;seink!</p><p>Gonosz birodalmunkat a &#8222;kiv&#225;lasztott&#8221; fogja legy&#337;zni, aki egyszem&#233;lyes p&#225;rviadalban v&#233;gez a gonosz cs&#225;sz&#225;rral. Putyi&#8230; a cs&#225;sz&#225;r hal&#225;l&#225;val a birodalmi er&#337;k azonnal megfutamodnak &#233;s sz&#233;tsz&#233;lednek &#233;s tot&#225;l nem csak keresnek egy ut&#243;dot a tr&#243;nra.</p><p>A birodalom legy&#337;z&#233;s&#233;vel a szabads&#225;g is gy&#337;zedelmeskedik!</p><p>A t&#246;rt&#233;netet ezen a felemel&#337; ponton kell lez&#225;rnunk, ahelyett, hogy a komor k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyekkel sz&#225;moln&#225;nk. Mondjuk a h&#225;bor&#250;s b&#369;n&#246;s&#246;k &#233;s a titkosrend&#337;rs&#233;g felel&#337;ss&#233;grevon&#225;s&#225;nak neh&#233;zs&#233;geivel, vagy egy kor&#225;bbi autoriter, hatalmas ter&#252;letet fel&#246;lel&#337; korm&#225;nyzat demokratikusabb rendszerr&#233; alak&#237;t&#225;s&#225;nak monument&#225;lis feladat&#225;val, esetleg a birodalmi ut&#243;dok k&#246;z&#246;tti polg&#225;rh&#225;bor&#250;val vagy a radik&#225;lis l&#225;zad&#243; frakci&#243;k &#225;ltal bevezetett v&#233;res r&#233;muralommal, esetleg a glob&#225;lis hatalmi strukt&#250;r&#225;ban ebb&#337;l fakad&#243; v&#225;kummal, amely t&#233;nyez&#337;k elker&#252;lhetetlen&#252;l a barb&#225;rs&#225;g, az &#246;ld&#246;kl&#233;s &#233;s a t&#246;rv&#233;nytelens&#233;g kor&#225;t hozz&#225;k el.</p><p>Az, hogy valaki t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi okokb&#243;l nem szereti Moszkv&#225;t nyilv&#225;n &#233;rthet&#337;, de azzal az&#233;rt &#233;rdemes sz&#225;molni, hogy a &#8220;Gonosz Birodalm&#225;n&#225;l&#8221; egyetlen rosszabb dolog biztosan l&#233;tezik: a sz&#233;tesett birodalom.</p><p></p><p>ENGLISH</p><p>One of the greatest and most significant historical distortions of the past few decades is the claim that the Soviet Union collapsed because of the machinations and agents of the CIA or &#8220;the West.&#8221; This is due, on one hand, to the American narrative that sold this historical event as a victory, and on the other, to Putinism, which embedded it into a narrative of humiliation and resentment to justify a revanchist foreign policy.</p><p>I won&#8217;t go into it deeply now, but the Soviet Union collapsed solely due to its internal contradictions. In my view, this topic&#8212;among many other excellent monographs&#8212;was most comprehensively covered by Vladislav Zubok in his work <em>Collapse</em>. In reality, there was unimaginable panic in Washington regarding the disintegration process. Even the most pessimistic and anti-Soviet forces would have suddenly given their souls to keep the empire together, fearing the &#8220;Yugoslavia with nukes&#8221; scenario&#8212;a potential end-of-the-world catalyst.</p><p>After the relatively peaceful fall, the West and we (the former clients) celebrated, but many&#8212;often even former critics&#8212;mourned and continue to mourn the lost state.</p><p>Some miss the utopian dream, the alternative path to modernization&#8212;they miss the communist ideology. Today, they are perhaps the few. (Though a few great communists still exist, whom this clearly hurts the most.)</p><p>Others&#8212;mainly Russian nationalists and certain Western &#8220;realists&#8221;&#8212;miss the lines on the map being where they believe it is &#8220;just&#8221; or &#8220;logical.&#8221; (I won&#8217;t even go into the irony of these people calling themselves warriors of reality while creating their own perception of the world with such an arbitrary approach&#8212;which is anything but reality, but whatever. Usually, these same people miss the terror-filled reign of the NKVD and Stalin as an era of &#8220;order.&#8221;)</p><p>The majority, however&#8212;including many Russian and successor-state dissidents&#8212;feel nostalgia for the conciliatory and integrative power of the empire&#8217;s post-Stalin history. Most people miss the Soviet cosmopolitanism: the musical tours from Riga to Dushanbe, from Vladivostok to Transcarpathia; the massive festivals; the alternative universe of the &#8220;Second World&#8221; instead of slaughter and isolation; the shared achievements in science, modernization, and social development; the more or less peaceful coexistence&#8212;in other words, the &#8220;peace years&#8221; from the 20th Congress of the CPSU until the red flag was lowered.</p><p>The problem is that our collective memory and the rhetoric we inhabit cannot yet evaluate this story as a complex issue (just as it cannot with the post-Soviet wars); instead, it forces it into the Reagan-esque &#8220;Soviet Union = the Evil Empire&#8221; pigeonhole.</p><p>This oversimplification leads directly to the childish desire to think of the fall of empires not as the catastrophe it actually represents for the people, but as the finale of an adventure film. People tend to conceptualize 20th-century history&#8212;or perhaps the current war in Ukraine&#8212;within the narrative arc of an action movie or some classical mythology. And since we are talking about Reagan and the Evil Empire, let me illustrate below why this is absurd:</p><p>Naturally, our empire will be opposed by internal rebels (and I swear, it&#8217;s not just because we are ripping off <em>Star Wars</em>). These rebels should obviously fight for freedom and democracy against oppression, rather than like boring real-world rebels who usually represent niche interests, such as ethnic separatists, religious fundamentalists, left- or right-wing political radicals, criminal groups, or military coups wishing to seize power for themselves.</p><p>These rebels&#8212;despite being splintered into factions&#8212;will set aside their differences and cooperate peacefully, no matter how completely incompatible their respective ideologies, goals, and leaders are. (Not that any of it matters, since the empire would slaughter them to the man unless our heroic teenage protagonists intervened.)</p><p>Once our main characters bail out the rebels, we could add a bit of realism to the story. Let&#8217;s say the rebels, led by our heroes, exploit some of the empire&#8217;s wide variety of historical weaknesses that usually cause its fall: the constant grind of civil wars and internal conflicts, social unrest due to oppression and corruption, economic instability due to the depletion of natural resources, disasters (such as plagues, famine, earthquakes, etc.), rival empires gradually supplanting them, or constant foreign wars of attrition against said rivals.</p><p>One or more of these often caused the gradual decline and fall of even the most powerful empires.</p><p>However, fictional empires have only one weakness: our brave heroes!</p><p>Our evil empire will be defeated by the &#8220;Chosen One,&#8221; who will slay the evil emperor in one-on-one combat. With Puti... the emperor dead, the imperial forces will instantly rout and scatter, and totally won&#8217;t just pick another successor for the throne. With the empire defeated, freedom wins the day!</p><p>We should end the story on this high note, rather than dealing with the grim consequences&#8212;such as the difficulty of holding war criminals and the secret police accountable, the monumental task of reforming a former authoritarian government covering vast territories into a more democratic system, civil wars between imperial successors, or a bloody reign of terror enforced by radical rebel factions. Or perhaps the resulting vacuum in the global power structure, which inevitably leads to an age of barbarism, slaughter, and lawlessness.</p><p>That someone dislikes Moscow for historical reasons is obviously understandable, but it is worth considering that there is certainly one thing worse than the &#8220;Evil Empire&#8221;: a collapsed empire.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hidegen indul a január / January Begins Cold]]></title><description><![CDATA[Stabiliz&#225;lt konfliktus, sz&#369;k&#252;l&#337; birodalom &#8211; orosz strat&#233;giai helyzetk&#233;p 2026 elej&#233;n / Stabilized Conflict, Contracting Empire &#8211; Russia&#8217;s Strategic Situation in Early 2026]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/hidegen-indul-a-januar-january-begins</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/hidegen-indul-a-januar-january-begins</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 02:09:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Oroszorsz&#225;g klasszikus birodalmi poz&#237;ci&#243;i erod&#225;l&#243;dnak, k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen a perif&#233;ri&#225;kon &#233;s a glob&#225;lis t&#233;rben, ugyanakkor a vezet&#233;s tudatos &#250;jratervez&#233;st implement&#225;l, r&#233;szben sikerrel. Erre az orosz KBSZSZ eln&#246;ks&#233;g most szimbolikus lehet&#337;s&#233;g. Nagyon val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;tlen a b&#233;ke id&#233;n.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg" width="1280" height="853" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:853,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:230995,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://alkonyizalan.substack.com/i/183626509?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oh3I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9679c78-511a-402e-8fab-2c2bda1d2137_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Forr&#225;s: az Oroszorsz&#225;gi F&#246;der&#225;ci&#243; K&#252;l&#252;gyminiszt&#233;rium&#225;nak Telegram-csatorn&#225;ja</em></p><p>A <a href="https://kyivindependent.com/we-believe-in-our-victory-putins-new-year-speech-shows-no-intention-to-end-the-war-in-2026/">Kyiv Independent</a> nem habozott felh&#237;vni a figyelmet, hogy az orosz eln&#246;k &#250;j&#233;vi <a href="https://t.me/MFARussia/27920">besz&#233;d&#233;ben</a> nem eml&#237;tette a b&#233;kek&#246;t&#233;si sz&#225;nd&#233;k&#225;t az idei &#233;vre. &#214;nmag&#225;ban ez puszt&#225;n nem lenne azonban erre bizony&#237;t&#233;k. (Ha nincs b&#233;keeml&#237;t&#233;s att&#243;l m&#233;g lehetne b&#233;kesz&#225;nd&#233;k.)</p><p>Az eln&#246;k besz&#233;de azonban nem diplom&#225;ciai, vagy szakpolitikai bejelent&#233;s volt, hanem bels&#337; legitim&#225;ci&#243;s aktus. A besz&#233;dben kiemelt szerepet kaptak az orosz katon&#225;k. Nagyon r&#246;viden a besz&#233;d politikai tartalma:</p><p>&#183; h&#225;bor&#250;=t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi k&#246;teless&#233;g</p><p>&#183; az &#225;llam=csal&#225;d</p><p>&#183; a konfliktus=az igazs&#225;g harca, amit gy&#337;zelemig v&#237;vunk</p><p>Az elmondottak c&#233;lja b&#233;ke eml&#237;t&#233;s&#233;vel vagy an&#233;lk&#252;l a hossz&#250; t&#225;v&#250; konfliktus elfogadtat&#225;sa a t&#225;rsadalommal. (Ez m&#225;r egy retorikailag stabil &#225;llapotot jelez.)</p><p>Az orosz m&#233;dia kontextus&#225;ban egy&#233;rtelm&#369;; nincs sz&#243; arr&#243;l, hogy az orosz f&#233;l Ukrajn&#225;t szuver&#233;n t&#225;rgyal&#243;f&#233;lk&#233;nt kezelje. (pl. a <a href="https://t.me/rybar/76430">Rybar</a> elemz&#233;se a b&#233;kek&#246;t&#233;sr&#337;l igen tanuls&#225;gos a maga m&#243;dj&#225;n. Az ehhez hasonl&#243; &#237;r&#225;sok a kompromisszum diskurzus&#225;nak bels&#337; delegitim&#225;l&#225;s&#225;t szolg&#225;lj&#225;k.)</p><p>Oroszorsz&#225;g glob&#225;lis er&#337;kivet&#237;t&#233;si erej&#233;t j&#243;l jelzi, hogy Venezuela kapcs&#225;n csak egy klasszikus ENSZ retorik&#225;t k&#246;vet&#337; felsz&#243;lal&#225;sra futotta az orosz <a href="https://russiaun.ru/en/news/05012026">&#225;lland&#243; k&#233;pvisel&#337;t&#337;l</a> a BT-ben. (A 2023-as azerbajdzs&#225;ni &#8222;egy napos h&#225;bor&#250;&#8221; &#233;s Aszad elenged&#233;se ut&#225;n persze ez nem meglep&#337;.)</p><p>Trump eln&#246;k&#246;t a helyzet elt&#233;r&#237;ti a t&#225;rgyal&#225;st&#243;l. A 28 pont kor&#225;bban nem a tartalma miatt volt a legink&#225;bb problematikus, hanem mert sokan sejtett&#233;k, hogy maguk a titkos egyeztet&#233;sek is csup&#225;n az id&#337;h&#250;z&#225;st szolg&#225;lj&#225;k orosz r&#233;szr&#337;l. Trump &#8211; k&#246;vetve a CIA k&#246;zlem&#233;ny&#233;t &#8211; &#250;gy d&#246;nt&#246;tt nem legitim&#225;lja az orosz &#225;ll&#237;t&#225;st a Putyin eln&#246;k egyik rezidenci&#225;ja elleni &#225;ll&#237;t&#243;lagos ukr&#225;n t&#225;mad&#225;sr&#243;l (&#250;n. Valdaj-incidens), valamint a k&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;gi m&#233;di&#225;ban cirkul&#225;l&#243; meg nem er&#337;s&#237;tett inform&#225;ci&#243;k szerint viccel&#337;d&#246;tt Putyinnal, hogy az amerikai &#8222;k&#252;l&#246;nleges katonai m&#369;velet&#8221; Venezuel&#225;ban jobban siker&#252;lt az oroszn&#225;l.</p><p>Az oroszok azonban tudj&#225;k, hogy az USA val&#243;j&#225;ban m&#225;r csaknem egy &#233;ve nem ny&#250;jt t&#225;mogat&#225;st Ukrajn&#225;nak, hanem hitelezi a h&#225;bor&#250;t. Ezt az oroszok cs&#246;kken&#337; elk&#246;telez&#337;d&#233;snek &#237;t&#233;lik &#233;s &#250;gy v&#233;lik, hogy ha az amerikai katonai ipari komplexum k&#246;lts&#233;g-hasznos alapon m&#233;rlegel akkor azt id&#337;vel kif&#225;raszthatj&#225;k.</p><p>Kor&#225;bban &#237;rtam az orosz birodalmi visszaszorul&#225;sr&#243;l. Az Oroszorsz&#225;gi F&#246;der&#225;ci&#243; &#225;tvette KBSZSZ eln&#246;kl&#233;s&#233;t, amit l&#225;that&#243;an <strong>nem</strong> egy NATO t&#237;pus&#250; kollekt&#237;v v&#233;delmi szervezetk&#233;nt csomagolnak &#250;jra. Ez m&#225;r a kor&#225;bban eml&#237;tett adapt&#237;vabb viselked&#233;s gyakorlati alkalmaz&#225;sa.</p><p>A hangs&#250;ly eltol&#243;d&#225;sa &#8211; biol&#243;giai fenyeget&#233;sek, inform&#225;ci&#243;biztons&#225;g, rend&#233;szeti egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s &#8211; egy&#233;rtelm&#369;en arra utal, hogy a szervezetet nem katonai sz&#246;vets&#233;gk&#233;nt, hanem puszt&#225;n rezsimstabiliz&#225;l&#243; &#233;s rendfenntart&#243; eszk&#246;zk&#233;nt k&#237;v&#225;nj&#225;k m&#369;k&#246;dtetni. Ebben van n&#233;mi kecsegtet&#337; a kor&#225;bban elsodr&#243;dott k&#246;z&#233;p-&#225;zsiai &#225;llamok sz&#225;m&#225;ra is.</p><p><a href="https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/2070576/">Lavrov</a> KBSZSZ-nyilatkozata ebben a keretben &#233;rtelmezhet&#337; igaz&#225;n. A &#8222;multipol&#225;ris vil&#225;g&#8221;, az ENSZ-k&#246;zpont&#250;s&#225;g, a konszenzus &#233;s a &#8222;nem ir&#225;nyulunk senki ellen&#8221; formul&#225;k nem ism&#233;telt k&#252;lpolitikai &#8222;b&#233;keoffenz&#237;v&#225;t&#8221; jelentenek, hanem megnyugtat&#225;st a legk&#246;zelebbi partnerek fel&#233;. Nagyon fontos, hogy Ukrajna &#233;s a &#8222;k&#252;l&#246;nleges katonai m&#369;velet&#8221; KBSZSZ kontextusban m&#225;r egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem ker&#252;l el&#337;.</p><p>Ez a visszask&#225;l&#225;z&#225;s &#246;sszhangban van azzal, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g a perif&#233;ri&#225;kon egy ideje nem k&#233;pes automatikus lojalit&#225;st kik&#233;nyszer&#237;teni, csak int&#233;zm&#233;nyes keretek k&#246;z&#246;tt menedzselni az egy&#252;ttmarad&#225;st. A KBSZSZ ebben az &#233;rtelemben nem a NATO alternat&#237;v&#225;ja, hanem egy olyan minimalista biztons&#225;gi architekt&#250;ra, amelynek els&#337;dleges funkci&#243;ja a tov&#225;bbi tekint&#233;lyveszt&#233;s elker&#252;l&#233;se, nem pedig &#250;j konfliktusok megnyit&#225;sa. Ez persze az imm&#225;r <a href="https://tass.com/economy/2012191">gazdas&#225;gilag is elsodr&#243;dott</a> &#214;rm&#233;nyorsz&#225;g eset&#233;t nem fogja befoly&#225;solni.</p><p>A k&#233;p &#237;gy &#225;ll &#246;ssze janu&#225;r elej&#233;n Moszkv&#225;ban: gazdas&#225;gi oldalon fisk&#225;lis <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2026/01/02/russias-economy-in-2026-more-war-slower-growth-and-higher-taxes-a91579/pdf">szigor</a> &#233;s bev&#233;telmaximaliz&#225;l&#225;s, glob&#225;lis &#233;s region&#225;lis politik&#225;ban normat&#237;v v&#233;dekez&#233;s, gazdas&#225;gi, t&#225;rsadalmi &#233;s katonai &#233;rtelemben pedig a konfliktus &#8222;megszokott&#8221; &#225;llapott&#225; t&#233;tele.</p><p>Ez a kombin&#225;ci&#243; nem egy k&#246;zeli gy&#337;zelemre optimaliz&#225;lt strat&#233;gia, ink&#225;bb a kor&#225;bban megismert id&#337;nyer&#337;, adapt&#237;v t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;si modell. A birodalmi logika val&#243;ban visszaszorul&#243;ban van, de kev&#233;sb&#233; kaotikus m&#243;don, mint 2023-2024-ben.</p><p>Ez&#233;rt a k&#246;vetkez&#337; &#233;v kulcsk&#233;rd&#233;se nem az lesz, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g hajland&#243;-e b&#233;k&#233;t k&#246;tni, hanem az, hogy mennyi ideig k&#233;pes fenntartani ezt a stabiliz&#225;lt, m&#233;gis intenz&#237;v &#225;llapotot bels&#337; politikai t&#246;r&#233;s n&#233;lk&#252;l.</p><p>A rendszer a jelenlegi jelek alapj&#225;n erre k&#233;sz&#252;l &#8211; &#233;s nem bel&#225;that&#243; t&#225;vra.</p><p>Nagyon val&#243;sz&#237;n&#369;tlennek tartom, hogy 2026-ban ak&#225;r csak egy fegyversz&#252;net is el&#233;rhet&#337;.</p><p>ENGLISH<br><br><strong>Russia&#8217;s classical imperial positions are eroding, especially on the peripheries and in the global arena; at the same time, the leadership is implementing a conscious strategic redesign, partly with success. Russia&#8217;s assumption of the CSTO presidency now offers a symbolic opportunity in this regard. Peace this year is highly unlikely.</strong></p><p>The <em>Kyiv Independent</em> did not hesitate to point out that in the Russian president&#8217;s New Year address there was no mention of an intention to conclude peace this year. Taken on its own, however, this would not constitute proof. (The absence of a reference to peace does not in itself preclude peaceful intent.)</p><p>The president&#8217;s speech, however, was not a diplomatic or policy announcement but an act of internal legitimation. Russian soldiers featured prominently. Very briefly, the political content of the speech can be summarized as follows:</p><p>&#8226; war = a historical duty<br>&#8226; the state = family<br>&#8226; the conflict = a struggle for truth, to be fought until victory</p><p>The aim of the speech was to secure social acceptance of a long-term conflict. (This already indicates a rhetorically stabilized condition.)</p><p>Within the context of Russian media, it is clear that there is no intention to treat Ukraine as a sovereign negotiating partner. (For example, Rybar&#8217;s analysis of peace-making is instructive in its own way. Texts of this kind serve to delegitimize the discourse of compromise internally.)</p><p>Russia&#8217;s global power-projection capacity is well illustrated by the fact that, regarding Venezuela, the Russian permanent representative at the Security Council could muster only a speech following classical UN rhetoric. (After the Azerbaijani &#8220;one-day war&#8221; of 2023 and the abandonment of Assad, this is hardly surprising.)</p><p>President Trump has been diverted from negotiations by the situation. The earlier &#8220;28 points&#8221; were problematic less because of their content than because many suspected that the secret talks themselves merely served Russian time-buying. Trump&#8212;following the CIA&#8217;s statement&#8212;decided not to legitimize the Russian claim of an alleged Ukrainian attack on one of President Putin&#8217;s residences (the so-called Valdai incident). According to unconfirmed information circulating on social media, he also joked with Putin that the American &#8220;special military operation&#8221; in Venezuela had been more successful than the Russian one.</p><p>The Russians, however, are aware that the United States has in reality not been providing support to Ukraine for nearly a year, but rather financing the war through credit. They interpret this as declining commitment and believe that, if the U.S. military&#8211;industrial complex evaluates the conflict on a cost&#8211;benefit basis, it can eventually be worn down.</p><p>I have previously written about Russia&#8217;s imperial retrenchment. The Russian Federation has taken over the CSTO presidency, which is clearly not being repackaged as a NATO-type collective defense organization. This already represents the practical application of the more adaptive behavior mentioned earlier.</p><p>The shift in emphasis&#8212;toward biological threats, information security, and law-enforcement cooperation&#8212;clearly indicates that the organization is intended to function not as a military alliance, but rather as a regime-stabilizing and order-maintenance instrument. This may hold some appeal for Central Asian states that had previously drifted away.</p><p>Lavrov&#8217;s CSTO statement can be properly understood within this framework. References to a &#8220;multipolar world,&#8221; UN centrality, consensus, and &#8220;not being directed against anyone&#8221; do not amount to a renewed foreign-policy &#8220;peace offensive,&#8221; but rather to reassurance aimed at the closest partners. Crucially, Ukraine and the &#8220;special military operation&#8221; no longer appear at all in the CSTO context.</p><p>This downscaling is consistent with the fact that Russia has for some time been unable to enforce automatic loyalty on the peripheries, managing cohesion only within institutional frameworks. In this sense, the CSTO is not an alternative to NATO, but a minimalist security architecture whose primary function is to prevent further loss of prestige, not to open new conflicts. This, of course, will not affect the case of Armenia, which has by now also drifted away economically.</p><p>This is how the picture comes together in Moscow at the beginning of January: on the economic front, fiscal austerity and revenue maximization; in global and regional politics, normative defense; and in economic, social, and military terms, the transformation of the conflict into a &#8220;routine&#8221; condition.</p><p>This combination is not a strategy optimized for near-term victory, but rather the known time-buying, adaptive survival model. The imperial logic is indeed receding, though in a less chaotic manner than in 2023&#8211;2024.</p><p>Accordingly, the key question for the coming year will not be whether Russia is willing to make peace, but how long it can sustain this stabilized yet still intense condition without internal political rupture.</p><p>Based on current indicators, the system is preparing for precisely this&#8212;and not for a foreseeable endpoint.</p><p>I consider it highly unlikely that even a ceasefire will be achievable in 2026.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fábry Zoltán: A vádlott megszólal]]></title><description><![CDATA[A szlov&#225;kiai esem&#233;nyek kapcs&#225;n]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/fabry-zoltan-a-vadlott-megszolal</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/fabry-zoltan-a-vadlott-megszolal</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 16:28:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k1Lq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2d164ba-cec9-4497-8bfa-e99aa6e686bc_805x641.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Pozsonyban ny&#237;ltan t&#246;rekszik a korm&#225;ny a Benes-dekr&#233;tumok kritik&#225;j&#225;nak illeg&#225;liss&#225; t&#233;tel&#233;re. Ez nemzetpolitikai &#233;rtelemben rendk&#237;v&#252;l s&#250;lyos fejlem&#233;ny.</p><p>A probl&#233;ma nem csup&#225;n szimbolikus. Az Eur&#243;pai Nemzetis&#233;gek F&#246;derat&#237;v Uni&#243;ja k&#246;zlem&#233;ny&#233;ben etnikai alap&#250; (magyarellenes) f&#246;ldelkobz&#225;sokra figyelmeztet.</p><p>A jelen t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi helyzetben &#233;rdemesnek l&#225;tom al&#225;bb pdf-ben megosztani F&#225;bry Zolt&#225;n 1946-ban &#237;rt, de csak 1968-ban megjelent, rendk&#237;v&#252;li fontoss&#225;g&#250; <em>&#8220;A v&#225;dlott megsz&#243;lal&#8221;</em> c&#237;m&#369; &#237;r&#225;s&#225;t. Sz&#225;momra ez a publicisztika a legfontosabb orient&#225;ci&#243;s pont a felvid&#233;ki magyars&#225;g kapcs&#225;n.</p><p>F&#225;bry a szlov&#225;kiai magyars&#225;g tal&#225;n egyik legjelent&#337;sebb tekint&#233;llyel b&#237;r&#243; szellemi vezet&#337;j&#233;v&#233; v&#225;lt a h&#225;bor&#250; ut&#225;n. 1949-ben a Csehszlov&#225;kiai Magyar Dolgoz&#243;k Kult&#250;regyes&#252;lete &#246;r&#246;k&#246;s d&#237;szeln&#246;k&#233;v&#233; v&#225;lasztotta.</p><p>Lenti &#237;r&#225;sa &#250;jra nagyon aktu&#225;lis.</p><p>(15 oldal terjedelemben.)</p><div class="file-embed-wrapper" data-component-name="FileToDOM"><div class="file-embed-container-reader"><div class="file-embed-container-top"><image class="file-embed-thumbnail-default" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Cy0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Fattachment_icon.svg"></image><div class="file-embed-details"><div class="file-embed-details-h1">A V&#225;dlott Megsz&#243;lal Irodalmiszemle 1968 Pages633 647</div><div class="file-embed-details-h2">11.1MB &#8729; PDF file</div></div><a class="file-embed-button wide" href="https://alkonyizalan.substack.com/api/v1/file/c2a49344-5d1d-4c2a-a13d-c63e024a4bd5.pdf"><span class="file-embed-button-text">Download</span></a></div><a class="file-embed-button narrow" href="https://alkonyizalan.substack.com/api/v1/file/c2a49344-5d1d-4c2a-a13d-c63e024a4bd5.pdf"><span class="file-embed-button-text">Download</span></a></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k1Lq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2d164ba-cec9-4497-8bfa-e99aa6e686bc_805x641.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p> </p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Így veszíti el Oroszország a birodalmát II. rész / How Russia Is Losing Its Empire – Part 2.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Oroszellenes eur&#225;zsianizmus a t&#252;rk vil&#225;gban / Anti-Russian Eurasianism in the Turkic World]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/igy-vesziti-el-oroszorszag-a-birodalmat-567</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/igy-vesziti-el-oroszorszag-a-birodalmat-567</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:41:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>See English below</em></p><p>Az al&#225;bbi &#237;r&#225;s k&#246;nyvkritika &#233;s aj&#225;nl&#225;s.</p><p>A birodalmi visszaszorul&#225;s &#233;rtelmez&#233;s&#233;hez &#233;rdemes n&#233;ha a vitatott t&#233;rs&#233;g szerepl&#337;inek szellemi &#246;nk&#233;p&#233;t is vizsg&#225;lni.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg" width="1456" height="1042" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LmVY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c8f4649-bce7-46fe-9967-c10c31d99611_3500x2505.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>A h&#237;res &#8222;A tur&#225;nok (uralo-altajiak) etnogr&#225;fiai t&#233;rk&#233;pe&#8221; &#8211; egy jap&#225;n-magyar propagandisztikus panturanista t&#233;rk&#233;p, amit a Jap&#225;n Tur&#225;ni T&#225;rsas&#225;g k&#233;sz&#237;tett &#233;s Budapesten adt&#225;k ki a m&#225;sodik vil&#225;gh&#225;bor&#250; idej&#233;n. M&#225;r els&#337; r&#225;n&#233;z&#233;sre is nyilv&#225;nval&#243;, hogy p&#225;nt&#246;r&#246;k-tur&#225;ni ideol&#243;gia struktur&#225;lisan sem nagyon lehet oroszbar&#225;t.</em></p><p></p><p>N&#233;h&#225;ny h&#243;napja az azerbajdzs&#225;n nagyk&#246;vets&#233;g j&#243;volt&#225;b&#243;l kaptam egy geopolitikai k&#246;tetet &#8211; <em><strong>A t&#252;rk &#225;llamok uni&#243;ja. A glob&#225;lis integr&#225;ci&#243; eur&#225;zsiai modellje</strong></em> c&#237;mmel, amelyet Dzsavansir Fejzijev &#237;rt, aki jelent&#337;s k&#246;zszerepl&#337; Azerbajdzs&#225;nban &#8211;, s ahogy olvasom, vil&#225;gos lesz, milyen alternat&#237;v &#8222;Eur&#225;zsia-k&#233;pek&#8221; versengenek ma a t&#233;rs&#233;gben. Fejzijev munk&#225;ja k&#246;zel sem tudom&#225;nyos elemz&#233;s, ink&#225;bb egy gondosan szerkesztett <strong>alternat&#237;v-eur&#225;zsiai politikai-ideol&#243;giai program</strong>, amely a posztbirodalmi tapasztalatb&#243;l kiindulva azt pr&#243;b&#225;lja megmutatni, hogyan lehet a kontinens politikai &#233;s kultur&#225;lis ter&#233;t &#250;jrarendezni Oroszorsz&#225;g imperialista koncepci&#243;i n&#233;lk&#252;l. A gondolatmenet sok ponton vitathat&#243; &#8211; koncepcion&#225;lis leegyszer&#369;s&#237;t&#233;sei &#233;s kimarad&#243; t&#246;rt&#233;neti r&#233;tegei is vannak &#8211;, ugyanakkor a maga m&#243;dj&#225;n igen tanuls&#225;gos &#8211; r&#225;vil&#225;g&#237;t arra, hogy a t&#233;rs&#233;g &#225;llamai nem csup&#225;n t&#225;volodnak Moszkv&#225;t&#243;l, hanem egyre explicitebban pr&#243;b&#225;lj&#225;k <strong>&#250;jradefini&#225;lni Eur&#225;zsia fogalm&#225;t is</strong>, &#250;gy, hogy abban Oroszorsz&#225;g m&#225;r ne felt&#233;tlen&#252;l a k&#246;zpont legyen.</p><p>Al&#225;bb bemutatom a k&#246;tet <em>&#8222;Az eur&#225;zsianizmus Oroszorsz&#225;gban&#8221;</em> c&#237;m&#369; fejezet&#233;t, aminek az olvas&#225;s&#225;t messzemen&#337;kig aj&#225;nlom.</p><p>A sz&#246;veg &#233;rt&#233;ke abban &#225;ll, hogy nem bel&#252;lr&#337;l, hanem az &#8222;orosz-Eur&#225;zsia&#8221; peremter&#252;leteir&#337;l szeml&#233;li azt a hagyom&#225;nyt, amelyet Oroszorsz&#225;g hajlamos saj&#225;t civiliz&#225;ci&#243;s &#246;r&#246;ks&#233;gek&#233;nt bemutatni. Ez a n&#233;z&#337;pont elengedhetetlen &#8211; t&#250;l sok elemz&#233;s indul ki abb&#243;l a felt&#233;telez&#233;sb&#337;l, hogy az eur&#225;zsianizmus &#8222;orosz &#252;gy&#8221;. Fejzijev ezzel szemben megmutatja, hogy a t&#233;rs&#233;g m&#225;s n&#233;pei sz&#225;m&#225;ra az orosz eur&#225;zsianizmus nem felt&#233;tlen&#252;l egy birodalmi nyelv, hanem alternat&#237;v&#225;kkal b&#237;r&#243; kultur&#225;lis projekt. Kicsit hasonl&#243; a helyzet ahhoz, amikor a germ&#225;n &#8222;K&#246;z&#233;p-Eur&#243;pa&#8221; projektet &#8222;megszel&#237;d&#237;tett&#233;k&#8221; a m&#250;lt sz&#225;zadban a lengyel &#233;s magyar t&#246;rt&#233;n&#233;szek.</p><p>A fejezet tov&#225;bbi er&#233;nye, hogy sz&#233;les t&#246;rt&#233;neti panor&#225;m&#225;t mozg&#243;s&#237;t: Trubeckojt&#243;l Danilevszkijig, Panarint&#243;l Putyinig gondosan id&#233;zi az orosz eszmet&#246;rt&#233;net szerepl&#337;it &#233;s &#233;rz&#233;keli a kontinuit&#225;st a birodalmi gondolkod&#225;s k&#252;l&#246;nb&#246;z&#337; st&#237;lusai k&#246;z&#246;tt.</p><p>Fejzijev ugyanakkor olykor &#250;gy szerkeszti a t&#246;rt&#233;neti &#237;vet, mintha az orosz eszmet&#246;rt&#233;net homog&#233;n logika szerint m&#369;k&#246;dne. Ez redukci&#243; (de politikailag &#233;rthet&#337; redukci&#243;).</p><p>Itt sz&#252;ks&#233;g van n&#233;h&#225;ny fontos pontos&#237;t&#225;sra:</p><p><strong>1. Az orosz eszmet&#246;rt&#233;net plur&#225;lis, nem monolit</strong></p><p>A szlavofilek, narodnyikok, p&#225;nszl&#225;vok &#233;s eur&#225;zsianist&#225;k nem egyetlen vonalat alkotnak, m&#233;g ha vannak &#233;rintkez&#233;sek is k&#246;zt&#252;k. Fontosabb lenne hangs&#250;lyozni az ellentmond&#225;sokat, amiket egy&#233;bk&#233;nt elismer a szerz&#337;, csak nem bontja ki &#337;ket. Ez f&#233;lrevezet&#337; lehet annak, aki nem j&#225;rtas az orosz eszmet&#246;rt&#233;netben.</p><p>Nem felt&#233;telezem, hogy ez rosszindulat&#250; elhallgat&#225;s lenne &#8211; ink&#225;bb az elemz&#233;s c&#233;lj&#225;nak korl&#225;tozotts&#225;ga: a f&#243;kusza nem az orosz kultur&#225;lis &#246;nkritika, hanem annak bemutat&#225;sa, hogyan &#233;p&#252;lt fel az a diskurzus, amelyet Oroszorsz&#225;g ma birodalmi legitim&#225;ci&#243;k&#233;nt haszn&#225;l.</p><p><strong>2. A Szovjetuni&#243; korai nemzetis&#233;gpolitik&#225;j&#225;t nem veszi figyelembe</strong></p><p>Itt m&#243;dszertani hi&#225;nyt l&#225;tunk. Lenin korai nemzetpolitik&#225;ja, az auton&#243;m elitk&#233;pz&#233;s, a nyelvhaszn&#225;lat stb. &#246;szt&#246;nz&#233;se, a k&#246;zt&#225;rsas&#225;gi int&#233;zm&#233;nyek szerepe mind &#225;rnyaltabb k&#233;pet adna a birodalmi folyamatokr&#243;l.<br>Az elemz&#233;s f&#243;kusza persze nem szovjet nacionalizmus politika, hanem annak megmutat&#225;sa, hogy a Szovjetuni&#243; k&#233;s&#337;bb &#8211; f&#337;k&#233;nt Szt&#225;lint&#243;l &#8211; hogyan v&#225;lt vissza orosz hegem&#243;n strukt&#250;r&#225;v&#225;. (Ez t&#233;ny.)<br>A hiba teh&#225;t nem az, hogy felismeri a folytonoss&#225;got, hanem hogy nem mondja el, mikor &#233;s hogyan t&#246;rik meg &#225;tmenetileg &#233;s hogy seg&#237;ti az eur&#225;zsiai n&#233;pek nemzett&#233; v&#225;l&#225;s&#225;t hossz&#250;t&#225;von.</p><p><strong>3. A t&#252;rk vil&#225;g &#8222;tiszta &#225;ldozatk&#233;nt&#8221; val&#243; bemutat&#225;sa<br></strong>A t&#252;rk birodalmak &#233;s &#225;llamalakulatok t&#246;rt&#233;nelme legal&#225;bb annyira hierarchikus, expanz&#237;v &#233;s konfliktusokkal teli, mint az orosz&#233;.<br>Ez nem teszi &#233;rt&#233;ktelenn&#233; az orosz birodalmi logik&#225;ra vonatkoz&#243; kritik&#225;j&#225;t, de sz&#252;ks&#233;g van arra, hogy a fejezet olvas&#243;ja ne felejtse el, hogy a &#8222;t&#246;rt&#233;neti &#225;rtatlans&#225;g&#8221; narrat&#237;v&#225;ja ugyan&#250;gy ideol&#243;giai konstrukci&#243;, mint az orosz eur&#225;zsianizmus civiliz&#225;ci&#243;s &#246;nmitol&#243;gi&#225;ja.</p><p>Ugyan a sz&#246;veg nem tudom&#225;nyos &#246;sszefoglal&#243;, hanem posztbirodalmi ideol&#243;giai reflexi&#243;, amely geopolitikai c&#233;lt szolg&#225;l, &#225;m &#8211; &#233;s ezt fontos kimondani &#8211; sok tekintetben pontos &#233;s hitelesen ragadja meg a mai orosz neo-eur&#225;zsianizmus m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s&#233;t.</p><p><strong>4. Hi&#225;nyzik a diskurzus a bels&#337; koloniz&#225;ci&#243;r&#243;l</strong></p><p>A fejezet legnagyobb hi&#225;nyoss&#225;ga, hogy egy&#225;ltal&#225;n nem veszi sz&#225;m&#237;t&#225;sba azt, amit Oroszorsz&#225;g kapcs&#225;n a t&#246;rt&#233;nettudom&#225;ny bels&#337; koloniz&#225;ci&#243;nak nevez. Fejzijev k&#246;vetkezetesen k&#252;ls&#337; birodalmi logikak&#233;nt mutatja be az orosz hatalmi m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;st, mik&#246;zben az orosz &#225;llam eg&#233;sz t&#246;rt&#233;nete arr&#243;l sz&#243;l, hogy els&#337;sorban saj&#225;t t&#225;rsadalm&#225;t koloniz&#225;lta, majd ezt a mint&#225;t terjesztette ki m&#225;sokra. A c&#225;ri Oroszorsz&#225;g sem volt a &#8222;n&#233;pek szabad vil&#225;ga&#8221;, ez Szolzsenyicin m&#237;tosza &#8211; amely szerint a szovjet totalitarizmus radik&#225;lis t&#246;r&#233;s a c&#225;ri harm&#243;ni&#225;hoz k&#233;pest &#8211;, s nem &#225;llja meg a hely&#233;t. Amit &#337; Gulagk&#233;nt, &#233;hez&#233;sk&#233;nt &#233;s elnyom&#225;sk&#233;nt tapasztalt, az m&#225;r l&#233;tezett, csak &#233;ppen m&#225;s ideol&#243;giai k&#246;nt&#246;sben (&#233;s az&#233;rt m&#225;s m&#233;rt&#233;kben). A c&#225;ri &#233;s a szt&#225;lini modell k&#246;z&#246;tt nem a logika vagy a m&#243;dszer v&#225;ltozott, hanem az eszmei h&#225;tt&#233;r &#233;s a moderniz&#225;ci&#243;s t&#246;rekv&#233;s, &#225;m mindkett&#337; orosz nyelv&#369;, birodalmi dominanci&#225;t termelt &#250;jra, ugyanazon a bels&#337; koloniz&#225;l&#243; mechanizmuson kereszt&#252;l. Ennek felismer&#233;se n&#233;lk&#252;l Oroszorsz&#225;g birodalmi m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;se f&#233;lre&#233;rthet&#337;en &#8222;kifel&#233; ir&#225;nyul&#243;nak&#8221; t&#369;nik, pedig legal&#225;bb annyira befel&#233;, a saj&#225;t t&#225;rsadalm&#225;ra nehezedett.</p><p><strong>5. Oroszorsz&#225;g eur&#243;pai birodalmi jellege</strong></p><p>Fejzijev olykor c&#233;lz&#225;sszer&#369;en &#233;rz&#233;kelteti, hogy az orosz geopolitikai gondolkod&#225;s nyelve kolonialista s&#233;m&#225;kat k&#246;vet, de sosem mondja ki expliciten, hogy ezek a diskurz&#237;v mint&#225;zatok a 19&#8211;20. sz&#225;zadi eur&#243;pai kolonializmus anal&#243;gjai. A &#8222;civiliz&#225;ci&#243;s misszi&#243;&#8221;, az &#8222;integr&#225;l&#243; kult&#250;ra&#8221;, a &#8222;rendteremt&#233;s&#8221; &#233;s a &#8222;t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi hivat&#225;s&#8221; mind ugyanannak a birodalmi sz&#243;kincsnek a vari&#225;ci&#243;i, amelyet London vagy P&#225;rizs haszn&#225;lt az 1920-as &#233;vekben. Ha ezt kimondan&#225;, vil&#225;gosabb lenne, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g nem kiv&#233;tel a glob&#225;lis birodalmi t&#246;rt&#233;netben, hanem r&#233;sze annak a hossz&#250;, eur&#243;pai gyarmati &#237;vnek, amelynek k&#246;vetkezm&#233;nyeit ma m&#225;r sehol nem lehet er&#337;vel fenntartani.</p><p>Engem szem&#233;ly szerint gyakran &#233;r kritika, ami&#233;rt azt mondom &#8211; <strong>Oroszorsz&#225;g Eur&#243;pa r&#233;sze</strong>. Pedig pontosan az&#233;rt mondom, mert <strong>Oroszorsz&#225;g ugyanabba a t&#246;rt&#233;neti form&#225;ba tartozik, mint Franciaorsz&#225;g vagy az Egyes&#252;lt Kir&#225;lys&#225;g: gyarmati birodalom, amelynek csak harminc-negyven &#233;vvel k&#233;s&#337;bb omlott &#246;ssze a gyarmati rendszere. Most ott tart, ahol a francia birodalom a hatvanas &#233;vekben: m&#233;g k&#237;s&#233;rletezik a katonai nyom&#225;s &#233;s a t&#246;rt&#233;neti identit&#225;s fenntart&#225;s&#225;val, de a klasszikus kolonializmus korszak&#225;t &#8211; minden er&#337;fesz&#237;t&#233;se ellen&#233;re &#8211; nem tudja visszahozni</strong>.</p><p>Az &#246;sszeoml&#225;s k&#233;sleltet&#233;s&#233;ben &#8211; hogy az nem 1917-ben, hanem 1991-ben k&#246;vetkezett be &#8211;, csak &#233;s kiz&#225;r&#243;lag a kommunista ideol&#243;gia j&#225;tszott szerepet. Kezdetben legal&#225;bb a form&#225;lis egyenl&#337;s&#233;g l&#225;tszat&#225;t, s&#337;t bizonyos id&#337;szakokban a val&#243;s&#225;gos mobilit&#225;st is biztos&#237;totta, s&#337;t v&#233;gs&#337;soron lehet&#337;s&#233;get adott a Szovjetuni&#243; sz&#233;thull&#225;s&#225;ra is.</p><p>A &#8222;Szovjetuni&#243; sz&#233;thull&#225;sa t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi katasztr&#243;fa&#8221;, &#225;ll&#237;tja az orosz eln&#246;k, pedig az igaz&#225;n s&#250;lyos katasztr&#243;f&#225;t elker&#252;lt&#233;k. Ez &#237;gy nem volt el&#233;g f&#225;jdalmas ahhoz, hogy a birodalmi logik&#225;t sz&#225;mottev&#337;en &#225;t&#237;rja Moszkv&#225;ban, pedig rendk&#237;v&#252;li lehet&#337;s&#233;g&#252;k volt arra, hogy b&#233;k&#233;s nemzetk&#246;z&#246;ss&#233;g&#233; form&#225;lj&#225;k a poszt szovjet &#225;llamokat. M&#225;ra sok k&#246;z&#233;p-&#225;zsiai, kauk&#225;zusi &#233;s csaknem minden balti kik&#233;ri mag&#225;nak a &#8222;poszt szovjet&#8221; jelz&#337;t.</p><p>M&#225;ra m&#225;r az is egy&#233;rtelm&#369; &#233;s vil&#225;gos, hogy Oroszorsz&#225;g ugyan&#250;gy a saj&#225;t gyarmatbirodalm&#225;nak romjai k&#246;zt keresi az identit&#225;s&#225;t, mint a t&#246;bbi egykori eur&#243;pai hatalom &#8211; csak &#233;pp k&#233;s&#337;bb, f&#225;jdalmasabb &#233;s &#246;sszehasonl&#237;thatatlanul s&#250;lyosabb &#225;ldozatok &#225;r&#225;n.</p><p>Ez azonban zs&#225;kutca. Az azerbajdzs&#225;n szerz&#337; r&#225;mutat a k&#246;tetben arra, hogy az id&#337; kerek&#233;t visszaforgatni nem lehet.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><br>ENGLISH<br><br>The following text is both a book review and a recommendation.</p><p>To understand the retreat of Russian imperial influence, it is often useful to look at how the peoples of the disputed regions themselves conceptualize their place in the world. A few months ago, thanks to the Azerbaijani Embassy in Budapest, I received a geopolitical volume titled <em>The Union of Turkic States: An Eurasian Model of Global Integration</em>, written by Javanshir Feyziyev. As I worked through it, it became increasingly clear how many competing &#8220;Eurasia-visions&#8221; are currently in circulation across the region. Feyziyev&#8217;s work is not a scholarly analysis in the strict sense, but rather a carefully structured alternative-Eurasianist political-ideological program&#8212;one that, drawing from post-imperial experience, attempts to demonstrate how the political and cultural landscape of the continent could be reorganized <strong>without</strong> Russia&#8217;s imperial concepts. The argument is debatable in many places&#8212;there are conceptual simplifications and omitted historical layers&#8212;but it is undeniably instructive. It reveals that the states of the region are not only distancing themselves from Moscow, but increasingly seeking to <strong>redefine the very idea of Eurasia</strong>, in ways that no longer place Russia at the center by default.</p><p>Below I briefly discuss (and strongly recommend reading) the chapter titled <strong>&#8220;Eurasianism in Russia.&#8221;</strong></p><p>The value of Feyziyev&#8217;s approach lies in the vantage point: he examines Eurasianism not from within Russia, but from the <strong>peripheries of &#8216;Russian Eurasia&#8217;</strong>, from regions that Russia habitually presents as part of its &#8220;civilizational space.&#8221; This perspective is indispensable&#8212;far too many analyses proceed from the assumption that Eurasianism is inherently a &#8220;Russian matter.&#8221; Feyziyev challenges this explicitly. For many peoples of the region, Russian Eurasianism is not a predetermined ideological language but a <strong>competing cultural project</strong>. The situation resembles how Polish and Hungarian historians in the 20th century &#8220;domesticated&#8221; and neutralized the once explicitly German concept of <em>Mitteleuropa</em>.</p><p>Another strength of the chapter is the historical breadth: Feyziyev cites Russian intellectual history from Trubetskoy to Danilevsky, from Panarin to Putin, and accurately senses the continuity of various imperial styles within Russian thought.</p><p>At the same time, Feyziyev occasionally presents the Russian intellectual tradition as if it followed a single, homogeneous logic. This is a reduction&#8212;politically understandable, but conceptually limiting.</p><p>Several clarifications are needed:</p><h3>1. Russian intellectual history is plural, not monolithic</h3><p>The Slavophiles, the <em>narodniks</em>, the pan-Slavists, and the Eurasianists do not form a single line of development, even if they overlap at certain points. The internal contradictions&#8212;which Feyziyev does acknowledge but does not elaborate&#8212;matter greatly. Without them, readers unfamiliar with Russian intellectual history may form a distorted picture. This is not deliberate omission; it reflects the author&#8217;s goal. His focus is not Russia&#8217;s tradition of cultural self-critique, but the discursive patterns that Russia uses today for imperial legitimization.</p><h3>2. Early Soviet nationality policy is not taken into account</h3><p>This is a genuine methodological gap. Lenin&#8217;s early nationality policy, the promotion of autonomous elites, language rights, and the republic-level institutional framework all offer a more nuanced view of imperial dynamics.<br>Feyziyev&#8217;s focus is not on Soviet nationalities policy per se, but on how the USSR later&#8212;primarily under Stalin&#8212;reverted to a Russian-hegemonic structure. (Which is true.) The issue is not misidentifying continuity, but failing to show when and how that continuity was briefly interrupted, and how it ultimately facilitated the long-term nation-building of Eurasia&#8217;s peoples.</p><h3>3. The portrayal of the Turkic world as a &#8220;pure victim&#8221;</h3><p>The history of Turkic empires and state formations is just as hierarchical, expansionist, and conflict-ridden as Russia&#8217;s. This does not weaken Feyziyev&#8217;s critique of Russian imperial logic, but it should remind the reader that historical &#8220;innocence narratives&#8221; are no less constructed than Russia&#8217;s civilizational self-mythology.</p><p>Although the chapter is not a scholarly synthesis but a <strong>post-imperial ideological reflection</strong> serving geopolitical aims, it is important to stress that it still captures many essential features of contemporary Russian neo-Eurasianism with striking accuracy.</p><h3>4. The missing discourse on internal colonization</h3><p>The chapter&#8217;s most significant limitation is its silence on what historians call Russia&#8217;s <strong>internal colonization</strong>. Feyziyev consistently portrays Russian empire-building as an outward-directed project, while Russian statehood has, in reality, always rested first on the colonization of its <strong>own</strong> society, later extending that model outward. Imperial Russia was never the &#8220;free world of peoples&#8221;&#8212;this is Solzhenitsyn&#8217;s myth. The suffering he witnessed under the Soviet system (Gulag, famine, repression) had earlier analogues; only the ideological language and degree differed. Between the tsarist and Stalinist models, the logic did not change&#8212;only the narrative. Both reproduced Russian-language imperial dominance through the same internal-colonizing mechanism. Without recognizing this, Russia&#8217;s imperial practice appears misleadingly &#8220;external,&#8221; when it has always been just as intensely directed <strong>inward</strong>, against its own population.</p><h3>5. Russia as a European colonial empire</h3><p>Feyziyev sometimes hints at the colonial vocabulary of Russian geopolitical thought, but never states explicitly that its discursive patterns mirror 19th&#8211;20th-century <strong>European</strong> colonialism. &#8220;Civilizational mission,&#8221; &#8220;integrative culture,&#8221; &#8220;order-making,&#8221; &#8220;historical vocation&#8221;&#8212;these are all variants of the same imperial lexicon once used in London and Paris. Had this been spelled out, it would be clearer that Russia is not an exception but part of the long European colonial arc whose legacy can no longer be upheld by force anywhere.</p><p>I am often criticized for saying that <strong>Russia is part of Europe</strong>. But I insist on it precisely because Russia belongs to the same structural category as France or the United Kingdom: a <strong>colonial empire</strong> that simply collapsed forty years later. Today it stands where the French Empire stood in the 1960s: still attempting to preserve its military leverage and historical identity, while the classical age of colonialism&#8212;despite every effort&#8212;cannot be resurrected.</p><p>The delay of the collapse&#8212;from 1917 to 1991&#8212;was due entirely to communist ideology. Early Soviet policies provided at least the <em>appearance</em> of equality, and at times even real upward mobility, ultimately enabling the USSR&#8217;s dissolution itself.</p><p>&#8220;<strong>The fall of the Soviet Union is a historic catastrophe</strong>,&#8221; claims the Russian president. In truth, the <em>real</em> catastrophe was avoided: the collapse was too painless to truly rewrite Moscow&#8217;s imperial logic. Yet it offered an extraordinary chance to transform the post-Soviet space into a peaceful commonwealth. Instead, today most Central Asian, Caucasian, and practically all Baltic states firmly reject the very label &#8220;post-Soviet.&#8221;</p><p>By now it is abundantly clear that Russia is searching for its identity among the ruins of its own colonial empire&#8212;like every former European power, only much later, far more painfully, and at immeasurably higher human cost.<br>And as the Azerbaijani author rightly notes: <strong>the wheel of history cannot be turned back.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Játszható-e a modern háború? / Gamification of Modern War]]></title><description><![CDATA[V&#233;lem&#233;ny / Opinion]]></description><link>https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/jatszhato-e-a-modern-haboru-gamification</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://eurazsiaijegyzetek.substack.com/p/jatszhato-e-a-modern-haboru-gamification</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alkonyi Zalán]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 28 Nov 2025 23:11:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Messzire jutottunk az &#243;lomkaton&#225;kt&#243;l &#233;s a sakkt&#243;l&#8230;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png" width="1456" height="859" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKzZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2863a5-afde-4258-ab0d-ea88806f619e_1679x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>A fenti k&#233;p nem vide&#243;j&#225;t&#233;kb&#243;l sz&#225;rmazik, hanem augumented reality alap&#250; sisakkamera felv&#233;tel. (Eagle Eye protot&#237;pus.)</em></p><p>El&#337;rebocs&#225;jtom; nem vagyok katonai szak&#233;rt&#337;.</p><p>A fegyveres konfliktus j&#225;t&#233;kszer&#369;v&#233; v&#225;l&#225;s&#225;r&#243;l sokan &#237;rnak, de jellemz&#337;en puszt&#225;n hangulati elemk&#233;nt. A hasonl&#243;s&#225;g azonban szerintem nem csup&#225;n formai, egyben ugyanis m&#233;ly kultur&#225;lis &#233;s r&#233;szben katonai &#225;talakul&#225;s l&#225;that&#243;.</p><p>Nem arr&#243;l van sz&#243;, hogy a videoj&#225;t&#233;kok egyre val&#243;s&#225;gh&#369;bbek &#8212; sokkal ink&#225;bb arr&#243;l, hogy a h&#225;bor&#250; vesz &#225;t egyfajta videoj&#225;t&#233;kos logik&#225;t.</p><p>1. Realizmus a videoj&#225;t&#233;kokban</p><p>A taktikai &#233;s &#8220;hardcore&#8221; l&#246;v&#246;ld&#233;k gener&#225;ci&#243;kat tan&#237;tottak meg kv&#225;zi-katonai reflexekre.<em> (Escape from Tarkov, ARMA 3, Squad, Hell Let Loose, Insurgency: Sandstorm, Operation Flashpoint, 6 Days of Fallujah, Ready or Not, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.)</em></p><p>Nyilv&#225;n trivi&#225;lis a val&#243;di tapasztalatokkal &#246;sszevetve, de ezekb&#337;l a j&#225;t&#233;kokb&#243;l a k&#246;vetkez&#337; tud&#225;smint&#225;k m&#225;r felsz&#237;v&#243;dnak a felhaszn&#225;l&#243;knak:</p><p>-fegyver- &#233;s l&#337;szert&#237;pusok ismerete</p><p>-&#8220;kem&#233;ny b&#252;ntet&#233;s&#8221; kapott tal&#225;lat ut&#225;n</p><p>-csapatban val&#243; mozg&#225;s, gyalogs&#225;gi alapelvek</p><p>-t&#369;zfegyelem, rajszint&#369; koordin&#225;ci&#243;</p><p>-vesztes&#233;gminimaliz&#225;l&#225;s</p><p>-ritmus, helyzetfelismer&#233;s, reakci&#243;id&#337; stb.</p><p>Ezek a j&#225;t&#233;kok nem csak technikai realizmust adnak, hanem k&#233;s&#337;bb katonailag hasznos&#237;that&#243; ment&#225;lis modelleket. </p><p>Innen &#233;rthet&#337; meg, mi&#233;rt v&#225;lt a h&#225;bor&#250; gondolkod&#225;s&#225;ban ennyire term&#233;szetess&#233; a j&#225;t&#233;kszer&#369;s&#233;g.</p><div id="youtube2-IK76q13Aqt0" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;IK76q13Aqt0&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/IK76q13Aqt0?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>2. A propaganda j&#225;t&#233;kszer&#369; eszt&#233;tik&#225;ja</p><p>A Ham&#225;sz, az Azov vagy a Wagner GoPro-s felv&#233;telei, neonf&#233;nyes toborz&#243;vide&#243;i &#233;s hars&#225;ny mont&#225;zsai ugyanahhoz a vizu&#225;lis k&#233;szlethez ny&#250;lnak &#8211; first-person kamera, kill-cam hangulat, achievement-logika. Mindez TikTok gener&#225;ci&#243;ra szabva.</p><div id="youtube2-07KCfkPJYdU" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;07KCfkPJYdU&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/07KCfkPJYdU?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Ezeknek a vide&#243;knak a c&#233;lja nem a h&#225;bor&#250; bemutat&#225;sa, hanem az hogy &#233;lm&#233;nyt gener&#225;ljanak a n&#233;z&#337; sz&#225;m&#225;ra.</p><p>Ez sz&#225;nd&#233;kos, mert a forr&#225;st&#243;l f&#252;ggetlen&#252;l a fiatal t&#246;megek sz&#225;m&#225;ra az ismer&#337;s forma pszichol&#243;giai biztons&#225;g&#233;rzetet kelt (&#8220;ezt m&#225;r l&#225;ttam valahol&#8221;). A megszokott l&#225;tv&#225;ny cs&#246;kkenti a mor&#225;lis s&#250;lyt &#8212; &#233;s egyesek sz&#225;m&#225;ra sz&#243;rakoztat&#243;v&#225; teszi a hal&#225;lt.</p><p>3. Dr&#243;nkezel&#233;s mint pontgy&#369;jt&#337; j&#225;t&#233;kmenet</p><p>Az orosz&#8211;ukr&#225;n h&#225;bor&#250;ban a gamifik&#225;ci&#243; m&#225;r a katonai k&#233;szs&#233;gk&#233;szletbe is be&#233;p&#252;lt.</p><p>Az egy dolog, hogy a dr&#243;nokat joystickkel ir&#225;ny&#237;tj&#225;k. A nagyobb probl&#233;ma az, hogy a katonai szervezetek j&#225;t&#233;kszer&#369; el&#337;meneteli rendszert h&#250;ztak a dr&#243;nh&#225;bor&#250; k&#246;r&#233;.</p><p>A vide&#243;j&#225;t&#233;kokb&#243;l ismert logika fokozatosan be&#233;p&#252;l a modern csatamez&#337; m&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s&#233;be. Ez az agy jutalmaz&#225;si rendszer&#233;t elt&#233;r&#237;tve folyamatos, kisz&#225;m&#237;that&#243; fejl&#337;d&#233;st &#237;g&#233;r. A katonai vezet&#233;s mindk&#233;t oldalon felismerte ezt, mint er&#337;forr&#225;st az ukrajnai h&#225;bor&#250;ban. Most ugyanezt a keretet alkalmazz&#225;k a konfliktusok gamifik&#225;lt szervez&#233;s&#233;ben &#233;s ir&#225;ny&#237;t&#225;s&#225;ban.</p><p>&#201;rtsd:</p><p>-bizonyos sz&#225;m&#250; sikeres bevet&#233;s = &#8220;tapasztalati pont&#8221;</p><p>-ember elleni tal&#225;lat = magasabb pont&#233;rt&#233;k</p><p>-dr&#225;ga j&#225;rm&#369; semleges&#237;t&#233;se = pr&#233;mium pontsz&#225;m</p><p>-pontgy&#369;jt&#233;s &#8594; hozz&#225;f&#233;r&#233;s dr&#225;g&#225;bb, komolyabb dr&#243;nhoz &#8212; &#250;j t&#237;pus&#250; k&#252;ldet&#233;sek felold&#225;sa</p><p>-&#233;s persze bels&#337; statisztik&#225;k, oper&#225;tor-rangsorok (mint minden kompetit&#237;v vide&#243;j&#225;t&#233;kban)</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png" width="1381" height="840" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:840,&quot;width&quot;:1381,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1517602,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://alkonyizalan.substack.com/i/180211694?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RBaW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee3b6937-9e95-4c17-b084-10b83cb0f147_1381x840.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>A &#8220;Magyar Madarai&#8221; nev&#369; dr&#243;noper&#225;tor egys&#233;get csak &#233;pp megel&#337;zte egy m&#225;sik az ukr&#225;n nemzeti g&#225;rd&#225;b&#243;l teljes pontsz&#225;mb&#243;l.</em></p><p>Er&#337;sen idegen&#252;l: ami t&#246;rt&#233;nik, az a h&#225;bor&#250; teljes operacionaliz&#225;ci&#243;ja vide&#243;j&#225;t&#233;kos mechanik&#225;k ment&#233;n. A t&#225;volb&#243;l v&#233;grehajtott &#246;l&#233;s &#246;nmag&#225;ban dehumaniz&#225;lja az ellens&#233;get, egy &#8220;score system&#8221; pedig ezt radik&#225;lisan feler&#337;s&#237;ti.</p><p>4. Vide&#243;j&#225;t&#233;kok kultur&#225;lis hat&#225;sa &#8211; narrat&#237;v&#225;k h&#225;bor&#250;ja</p><p>A 35 alatti gener&#225;ci&#243;k kultur&#225;lis alapr&#233;tege m&#225;r nem k&#246;nyvekb&#337;l vagy filmekb&#337;l &#233;p&#252;l. A t&#246;bbs&#233;gnek egyre ink&#225;bb a videoj&#225;t&#233;k az els&#337;dleges m&#233;dium. Ez a t&#225;rsadalmi szuperstrukt&#250;r&#225;t is &#225;t&#237;rja. A militarizmusnak vagy az ideol&#243;gi&#225;nak nem kell explicitnek lennie.</p><p>El&#233;g a l&#225;tv&#225;ny, a vil&#225;g&#233;p&#237;t&#233;s, a narrat&#237;v atmoszf&#233;ra &#225;ltal &#225;tadott k&#246;rnyezeti t&#246;rt&#233;netmes&#233;l&#233;s.</p><p>Pl.:</p><p>-Atomic Heart &#8211; poszt-szovjet retrofuturizmus, idealiz&#225;lt szovjet eszt&#233;tika</p><p>-S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 &#8211; ukr&#225;n kultur&#225;lis &#246;nreprezent&#225;ci&#243; apokaliptikus d&#237;szletekben (f&#252;ggetlens&#233;g, ellen&#225;ll&#225;s, t&#250;l&#233;l&#233;s t&#233;m&#225;i).</p><p>-Call of Duty &#8211; ny&#237;lt egy&#252;ttm&#369;k&#246;d&#233;s az USA hadsereg&#233;vel; t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi esem&#233;nyek &#225;tkeretez&#233;se (pl. a &#8220;Hal&#225;l &#250;tja&#8221; epiz&#243;d meghamis&#237;t&#225;sa).</p><p>Ezek a j&#225;t&#233;kok is tartalmazz&#225;k az &#225;ltalunk ismert kultur&#225;lis frontvonalakat m&#225;ra. A gener&#225;ci&#243;k val&#243;s&#225;g&#233;rtelmez&#233;se, t&#246;rt&#233;nelmi tudata stb. ezekb&#337;l &#233;p&#252;l. Ez pedig hamarosan a d&#246;nt&#233;shoz&#243;i &#233;s katonai ut&#225;np&#243;tl&#225;st is form&#225;lja majd.</p><p><strong>5. A legbizarrabb jelens&#233;g &#8211; a Fallout-st&#237;lus&#250; orosz tr&#233;ningvide&#243;k</strong></p><p>Az &#8220;&#1040;&#1079;&#1073;&#1091;&#1082;&#1072; &#1057;&#1042;&#1054;&#8221; (&#8220;A k&#252;l&#246;nleges katonai m&#369;velet &#225;b&#233;c&#233;je&#8221;) nev&#369; orosz hadsereg &#225;ltal k&#233;sz&#237;tett oktat&#243;vide&#243;-sorozat a harc&#225;szat rideg val&#243;s&#225;g&#225;t retro-futurisztikus, Fallout-szer&#369; rajzfilmes groteszkkel helyettes&#237;ti.</p><div id="youtube2-g6HZz3xQfh4" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;g6HZz3xQfh4&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/g6HZz3xQfh4?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p><em>Amellett, hogy tagadhatatlanul informat&#237;v &#233;s sz&#243;rakoztat&#243;, nem szabad elfelejteni, hogy ez a fajta vizu&#225;lis infantiliz&#225;l&#225;s igen probl&#233;m&#225;s civil szempontb&#243;l. Cs&#246;kkenti a felel&#337;ss&#233;g&#233;rzetet, trivializ&#225;lja az er&#337;szakot, s mindek&#246;zben &#8220;sz&#243;rakoztat&#243;v&#225;&#8221; teszi a h&#225;bor&#250;t, ami &#237;gy a kollekt&#237;v &#233;szlel&#233;s sz&#225;m&#225;ra &#8220;szoft&#8221; &#233;s eladhat&#243; er&#337;szakk&#233;nt jelenik meg. (A katonailag hasznos ismeretek &#225;tad&#225;sa mellett.)</em></p><p>6. V&#233;gk&#246;vetkeztet&#233;s &#8211; Augmented Reality</p><p>A h&#225;bor&#250; gamifik&#225;ci&#243;ja j&#243;val jelent&#233;kenyebb folyamat csup&#225;n ann&#225;l, hogy &#8220;a harct&#233;ri vide&#243;k hasonl&#237;tanak a val&#243;s&#225;gra&#8221;, vagy a &#8220;j&#225;t&#233;kok t&#250;l val&#243;s&#225;gh&#369;ek&#8221; &#233;s er&#337;szakra buzd&#237;tanak stb.</p><p>M&#225;ra maga a val&#243;s&#225;g igyekszik j&#225;tszhat&#243; fel&#252;lett&#233; v&#225;lni.</p><div id="youtube2-x9B02pFKpJo" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;x9B02pFKpJo&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/x9B02pFKpJo?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Az augmented reality alap&#250; sisakok (Anduril, Palantir&#8211;t&#237;pus&#250; rendszerek), az amerikai IVAS, &#233;s k&#252;l&#246;n&#246;sen az &#250;j fejleszt&#233;s&#369; &#8220;Eagle Eye Helmet&#8221; &#8211; mind l&#233;nyeg&#233;ben az Oculus szteroidokon. A sz&#243; legszorosabb &#233;rtelm&#233;ben egy Head Up Display-t (&#8220;szem el&#233; vet&#237;tett kijelz&#337;&#8221; - HUD) igyekeznek l&#233;trehozni a csatat&#233;ren.</p><p>HUD-os c&#233;lkijel&#246;l&#233;s, c&#233;lk&#246;vet&#337; szenzorf&#250;zi&#243;, kamer&#225;kb&#243;l &#246;ssze&#225;ll&#237;tott 360&#176;-os &#8220;pilot view&#8221;, minden ami kell egy team deathmatch-hez. (K&#225;r, hogy nem lehet &#250;jraspawolni.)</p><p>A katona eszerint az elk&#233;pzel&#233;s szerint, egy fejre h&#250;zhat&#243; j&#225;t&#233;kmotorban harcol, amiben az ellens&#233;g piros c&#233;lpontk&#233;nt jelenik meg, a saj&#225;t er&#337;k z&#246;ldk&#233;nt, a d&#246;nt&#233;sek, a t&#233;rk&#233;p, az utas&#237;t&#225;sok stb. pedig felhaszn&#225;l&#243;i interf&#233;sz elemek form&#225;j&#225;ban.</p><p>A technol&#243;gia mindehhez megvan, a k&#233;rd&#233;s csak, az hogy ez mennyire dr&#225;ga &#233;s mennyire termelhet&#337; t&#246;megesen. Ha siker&#252;l bel&#337;le megfizethet&#337; modelleket gy&#225;rtani, akkor a h&#225;bor&#250; interf&#233;sze olyan lesz, mint egy h&#225;rom-A j&#225;t&#233;k&#233;.</p><p>De ne legy&#252;nk t&#250;l lelkesek. Elv&#233;gre nem mi j&#225;tszan&#225;nk a h&#225;bor&#250;val, sokkal ink&#225;bb az vel&#252;nk. (Vajon j&#243; lesz ez a sok technol&#243;gia az auton&#243;m fegyverrendszert haszn&#225;l&#243; ellens&#233;ggel szemben?)</p><p></p><p>ENGLISH</p><p><br><strong>We Have Come a Long Way from Tin Soldiers and Chess&#8230;</strong></p><p>Let me say this upfront: I am <strong>not</strong> a military expert.</p><p>Many people write about the gamification of armed conflict, but usually only as a stylistic or atmospheric observation. In my view, however, the similarity is not merely formal. What we are seeing is a <strong>deep cultural transformation</strong>, and to some extent a military one as well.</p><p>It is not that video games have become more realistic &#8212;<br>it is that <strong>warfare has begun to adopt video-game logic.</strong></p><p><strong>1. Realism in Video Games</strong></p><p>Tactical and &#8220;hardcore&#8221; shooters have taught generations quasi-military reflexes.<br>(Escape from Tarkov, ARMA 3, Squad, Hell Let Loose, Insurgency: Sandstorm, Operation Flashpoint, 6 Days of Fallujah, Ready or Not, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.)</p><p>Of course, this is trivial compared to real combat, but players still absorb certain cognitive templates, such as:</p><ul><li><p>knowledge of weapons and ammunition types</p></li><li><p>&#8220;harsh penalties&#8221; for taking hits</p></li><li><p>basic infantry movement and team tactics</p></li><li><p>fire discipline, squad-level coordination</p></li><li><p>casualty minimization</p></li><li><p>rhythm, situational awareness, reaction-time patterns</p></li></ul><p>These games do not only offer technical realism &#8212; they create <strong>mentally transferable models</strong>, which later can have military relevance.</p><p>This explains why game-like logic feels so natural in contemporary military thinking.</p><p><strong>2. The Game-Like Aesthetic of Propaganda</strong></p><p>GoPro combat clips, flashy recruitment videos and aggressive montage styles used by Hamas, Azov, or Wagner all draw from the same visual vocabulary: FPS aesthetics, first-person camera, kill-cam mood, achievement logic &#8212; all tailored to the TikTok generation.</p><p>The goal of these videos is <strong>not</strong> to &#8220;show&#8221; the war.<br>The goal is to <strong>create an experience</strong> for the viewer.</p><p>This is deliberate.<br>For younger audiences, the familiar form creates psychological comfort (&#8220;I&#8217;ve seen this before&#8221;).<br>The familiar look reduces moral weight &#8212; and for some, even makes death <em>entertaining</em>.</p><p><strong>3. Drone Operation as Points-Based Gameplay</strong></p><p>In the Russia&#8211;Ukraine war, gamification has already been built into the military skill set.</p><p>It is one thing that drones are flown with game-style joysticks.<br>The more alarming part is that <strong>military organizations have built video-game-like progression systems around drone warfare.</strong></p><p>The advancement logic known from video games is being integrated directly into the modern battlefield. It taps into the brain&#8217;s reward system and promises a sense of predictable, measurable progress. Military leadership on both sides recognized this early as a resource in the war.</p><p>Now the same framework is used to structure and manage combat:</p><ul><li><p>a certain number of successful targets = &#8220;experience points&#8221;</p></li><li><p>hit on a human target = higher value</p></li><li><p>destruction of an expensive vehicle = premium score</p></li><li><p>accumulated points &#8594; access to more advanced drones, new mission types</p></li><li><p>plus internal stats, leaderboards, operator rankings &#8212; like any competitive game</p></li></ul><p>This is, frankly, the <strong>full operationalization of war through video-game mechanics.</strong><br>Killing from a distance already dehumanizes the enemy; a &#8220;score system&#8221; magnifies that effect dramatically.</p><p><strong>4. The Cultural Impact of Video Games &#8211; A War of Narratives</strong></p><p>For anyone under 35, cultural foundations no longer come from books or films. For the majority, the primary medium is video games. And this shifts the entire social superstructure.</p><p>Militarism or ideology doesn&#8217;t need to be explicit.<br>Visual atmosphere, world-building, and environmental storytelling are enough.</p><p>Examples:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Atomic Heart</strong> &#8211; post-Soviet retro-futurism, idealized Soviet aesthetics</p></li><li><p><strong>S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2</strong> &#8211; Ukrainian cultural self-representation in apocalyptic settings (themes of independence, resistance, survival)</p></li><li><p><strong>Call of Duty</strong> &#8211; open cooperation with the U.S. military; reframing historical events (e.g., falsifying the &#8220;Highway of Death&#8221; episode)</p></li></ul><p>These games reproduce the cultural fault lines we already know. They shape how younger generations interpret reality, history, and geopolitics. And soon, this will also shape military and political decision-making circles.</p><p><strong>5. The Most Bizarre Phenomenon &#8211; Fallout-Style Russian Training Videos</strong></p><p>The Russian military&#8217;s instructional series &#8220;&#1040;&#1079;&#1073;&#1091;&#1082;&#1072; &#1057;&#1042;&#1054;&#8221; (&#8220;The ABC of the Special Military Operation&#8221;) replaces the harsh reality of warfare with retro-futuristic, Fallout-like cartoon grotesque.</p><p>While undeniably informative <em>and</em> entertaining, this kind of visual infantilization is troubling from a civilian perspective.<br>It reduces a sense of responsibility, trivializes violence, and turns war into a &#8220;soft,&#8221; marketable entertainment product &#8212; even as it transmits militarily useful information.</p><p><strong>6. Conclusion &#8211; Augmented Reality</strong></p><p>The gamification of war is far more consequential than simply saying &#8220;combat footage looks like games&#8221; or that &#8220;games are too realistic and make people violent.&#8221;</p><p>Today, <strong>reality itself is trying to become a playable interface.</strong></p><p>Augmented-reality combat helmets (Anduril, Palantir-type systems), the U.S. IVAS, and especially the new &#8220;Eagle Eye Helmet&#8221; are, quite literally, <strong>Oculus on steroids.</strong><br>They aim to create a real-world HUD on the battlefield.</p><p>HUD targeting, sensor-fusion object tracking, 360-degree &#8220;pilot view&#8221; stitched from cameras &#8212; everything you need for a team deathmatch.<br>(Too bad you can&#8217;t respawn.)</p><p>In this vision, the soldier fights inside a wearable game engine: enemies show up as red icons, friendlies as green, and decisions, maps, commands all appear as UI elements.</p><p>The technology already exists. The only questions are cost and mass production.<br>If affordable versions are developed, the interface of war will look like a triple-A video game.</p><p>But let&#8217;s not get too enthusiastic.<br>After all, it wouldn&#8217;t be us playing the war &#8212; <strong>the war would be playing us.</strong><br>(And none of this tech helps much if the enemy fields autonomous weapons.)</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>